Opinion
No. 14–36108.
09-10-2015
James Storm SHIRLEY, Plaintiff–Appellant, v. UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO; COLLEGE OF LAW, at University of Idaho; Idaho State Board of Education, Defendants–Appellees.
James Storm Shirley, Bozeman, MT, pro se Plaintiff–Appellant. No appearance by Defendants–Appellees.
James Storm Shirley, Bozeman, MT, pro se Plaintiff–Appellant.
No appearance by Defendants–Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Idaho, Larry A. Burns, District Judge, Presiding. D.C. No. 3:14–cv–00215–LAB.
Before: MARY M. SCHROEDER, WILLIAM C. CANBY, JR., and ALEX KOZINSKI, Circuit Judges.
ORDER
On December 18, 2014, the district court denied appellant's motion to amend his complaint a second time and dismissed appellant's claims with prejudice. The district court based the dismissal on its conclusion that the proposed second amended complaint contained allegations that were irreconcilably contradictory to allegations made in the original complaint and first amended complaint.
We summarily reverse, because the allegations in the proposed second amended complaint cited by the district court were not so patently inconsistent with appellant's previous allegations as to warrant a screening dismissal. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) (district court shall screen and dismiss an action filed by a plaintiff proceeding in forma pauperis if the action “is frivolous or malicious,” “fails to state a claim on which relief may be granted,” or “seeks monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such relief”).
On remand, the district court shall file the proposed second amended complaint and order service on defendants.
REVERSED and REMANDED.
KOZINSKI, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment:
I write separately to explain what I consider to be the correct standard to review whether an amended complaint may be struck because it is factually inconsistent with a prior complaint in the same case. Inconsistency—even direct contradiction—between a current complaint and an earlier one is not a basis for dismissal. PAE Gov't Servs., Inc. v. MPRI, Inc., 514 F.3d 856, 859 (9th Cir.2007). The fact that the earlier complaint is inconsistent may have collateral consequences in the litigation, including possible sanctions under Rule 11 or undermining the plaintiff's credibility, id. at 859 n. 2, but it does not render the current complaint legally insufficient under Rule 12(b), id. at 860.
The district court relied in part on Reddy v. Litton Industries, Inc., 912 F.2d 291 (9th Cir.1990), to deny Shirley's motion to amend due to perceived inconsistencies between his proposed complaint and his earlier complaints. Reddy, however, addressed a different question: When may a district court grant a motion to dismiss without leave to amend on futility grounds? 912 F.2d at 296. And the unremarkable rule it adopted is that the district court may do so only if it can conceive of no amendment consistent with the prior pleadings that would render the complaint sufficient. Id. at 296–97. The reason for the underlined limitation is obvious: Absent the Reddy standard, a district court would never dismiss with prejudice because it would always hypothesize some amendment, wholly contradicting prior allegations, that would render the complaint sufficient.
Most cases will fall either under the PAE rule, where the district court considers the sufficiency of a complaint under 12(b)(6) and inconsistency with prior complaints doesn't matter, or under Reddy, where the court has to hypothesize what a plaintiff might allege in an amendment. When a court reviews a motion for leave to amend that pleads facts inconsistent with prior complaints the PAE rule controls, because the rationale of the Reddy rule—the need to provide a finite universe of possible complaints to judge futility—is absent. Shirley provided a proposed complaint, so the district court had no reason to hypothesize about what a future amendment might have alleged. The district court should have judged the motion for leave to amend on its own terms—as PAE commands—without considering whether the proposed complaint was inconsistent with the prior complaints.
For this reason I concur in the judgment.
CANBY, Circuit Judge, concurring:
I concur in the order of reversal. I write separately only because Judge Kozinski has, and my view of the state of our circuit precedent differs from his.
Reddy v. Litton Industries, Inc., 912 F.2d 291 (9th Cir.1990), cited by the district court, upheld the dismissal of an insufficient complaint without leave to amend because no amendment consistent with prior pleadings could cure the insufficiency. Reddy made its reason clear: “Although leave to amend should be liberally granted, the amended complaint may only allege ‘other facts consistent with the challenged pleading.’ ” Id. at 296–97 (quoting Schreiber Distrib. Co. v. Serv–Well Furniture Co., 806 F.2d 1393, 1401 (9th Cir.1986) ). We have cited Reddy for this proposition as recently as United States v. Corinthian Colleges, 655 F.3d 984, 985 (9th Cir.2011).
In my view, PAE Gov't Servs., Inc. v. MPRI, Inc., 514 F.3d 856 (9th Cir.2007), is irreconcilable with Reddy and its rationale. PAE holds that inconsistency with a prior complaint is not a basis for dismissing a later amended complaint. Id. at 859. It explains that “[t]he short of it is that there is nothing in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure to prevent a party from filing successive pleadings that make inconsistent or even contradictory allegations.” Id. at 860.
If our decision of the present appeal required us to depend on one or the other view of the permissibility of inconsistent pleading—that of Reddy or that of PAE —I would feel compelled to call for en banc rehearing to address the inconsistency in our precedent. See Atonio v. Wards Cove Packing Co., 810 F.2d 1477, 1478–79 (9th Cir.1987) (en banc). Happily, there is no need for en banc proceedings and their ensuing delay here, because we have concluded that the proposed amended complaint offered by Shirley was not actually inconsistent with his prior pleadings. There is accordingly no reason to address the proper rule concerning inconsistent pleadings—a subject that I leave to some future en banc court and upon which I express no opinion.