Opinion
(January Term, 1814.)
A parol gift of slaves by a father to his child is void under the act of 1784 (1 Rev. Stat., ch. 37, sec. 19) as against creditors.
DETINUE for negro George. Michael Sherman, about twelve years ago made a parol gift and delivery of the negro in question to his daughter Elizabeth. At the time of the gift made the said Michael was the owner of four or five other negroes, 200 acres of land, with a plantation on which he lived, and a small quantity of household furniture. There was no evidence of his being indebted to any person at the time of the gift, nor any evidence of an intent to defraud; but it was proved that the motive of the gift was to provide for his daughter, who (80) was a cripple. The negro, as well as the child, lived with and remained in the possession of the said Michael until the sale hereafter mentioned, the said Elizabeth being then still an infant. After the gift aforesaid, Michael Sherman became indebted, and judgment and executions to the amount of £ 130, or thereabouts, were obtained against him about four years after the gift, which executions were levied on the negro in question and sold by the constable to satisfy the aforesaid executions, at the price of $555; but failing to pay the money, the negro was set up again and bid off by William Dickens at the price of $549, but for the benefit of the plaintiff; the plaintiff had the interest and benefit of the executions; no money paid at the time of the purchase, but finally all paid, $100 of which was paid to Michael Sherman by the hire of the said negro for one year. At the time of the sale the negro was claimed on behalf of the said Elizabeth under the gift mentioned. Mary Bressir, then Mary Sherman, the mother of Elizabeth, who claimed the negro for her daughter, bid for him, to save him, as she said, for her daughter. At the time of the sale Michael Sherman was possessed of two other negroes, the land, plantation, and household furniture before mentioned; and at the time of his death, which happened shortly afterwards, he left property sufficient to pay his debts. The defendant held possession of the negro under Elizabeth, to whom the gift was made, and got possession about eighteen months before the commencement of this suit. Elizabeth, at the trial, was between 21 and 24 years of age. The plaintiff remained in possession of the negro, except the year he was hired as aforesaid, until he came to possession of defendant. The judgments were not given in evidence, but the executions. The judgments were in possession of the constable, who was dead, and diligent search for them had been made, and they could not be found.
If the Supreme Court should be of opinion the sale under the executions was valid, then a new trial to be granted, but if not, the verdict to stand.
This is an action of detinue to recover a slave which the plaintiff bought at a sale made by a constable in virtue of an execution against the goods and chattels of Michael Sherman.
It appears from the case stated that the slave in question once belonged to Michael Sherman, who, some time antecedent to the contracting the debt which it was sold to satisfy, gave the same to his daughter by parol; that the daughter was then an infant of tender years, and a cripple; that both the daughter and slave continued with the father, who was not indebted at the time of the gift; and that at the time of his death his estate was amply sufficient for all his creditors.
The jury, under these circumstances, found a verdict for the defendant, and the case comes into this Court upon a motion for a new trial.
If it became necessary in the present case to consider the effect of the gift, in opposition to the claim of a creditor, upon common-law principles, it would be important to inquire into the motives which induced the father to make the gift. It would then be proper to consider why a father, if he was in no dread or expectation of future insolvency, or had no design of defrauding a subsequent purchaser, should (unnecessarily, as regarded the situation of his child) place beyond his legal control property which he continued to possess and enjoy, by conveying it to an infant incapable of using it, and which, at that time of life, in no respect required such assistance, nor was in reality benefited by it.
But in the present case we are relieved from this necessity, as we are all of opinion that the gift, not being in writing, is, as to a creditor, void by the act of 1784.
That act, it is true, does not in express words declare that a parol gift shall be void as to a creditor, yet such inference is clearly deducible from the design of the framers, and falls within the legal import of the expressions used. The preamble declares that whereas many persons have been injured by secret deeds of gift to children and others, and for want of formal bills of sale, and a law perpetuating the (82) same, the Legislature then declares in general terms, as a remedy for the evils, that all sales shall be in writing, attested at least by one credible witness; and that all bills of sale for negroes and deeds of gift of any estate, of whatever nature, shall be recorded in nine months, or the same shall be void. To give effect to the parol gift in the present case would be expounding the act to protect a parol gift against a creditor, whilst a parol sale, though for full and valuable consideration, and attended with possession, would be void. The design of the act was to protect persons who had suffered, and were still liable to be injured from the existing laws. Those persons were creditors or purchasers; none others were capable of being injured. The cause from whence the mischief resulted was the secret conveyancing of slaves from one individual to another, and for want of formal bills of sale and a law perpetuating the same. The intention of the Legislature manifestly reaches the present case, and we are satisfied it is within the import of terms employed. Added to this is a series of adjudications in the courts of this State, from 1796 to this time, many of which have received the sanction of that justly celebrated lawyer, Mr. Justice Haywood, whilst he presided on the bench. Fortified in our own with the opinion and repeated decisions of so great a judge, we have the less difficulty in saying the verdict was wrong. A different construction would be sticking to the letter of the act at the expense of the manifest design.
Wherefore we are of opinion the rule for new trial be made absolute. Cited: Pearson v. Fisher, ante, 77; West v. Dubberly, post, 479; McCree v. Houston, 7 N.C. 451; Peterson v. Williamson, 13 N.C. 332; Womble v. Battle, 38 N.C. 197.
Judges HENDERSON and CAMERON being employed, whilst at the bar, as opposite counsel for the parties, gave no opinion. Judge HENDERSON, however, did not coincide in the opinion of the Court.
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