Opinion
No. 3326
Decided September 23, 1941.
Negligence — Passenger on electric trolley bus injured by shattered glass — Equipping such busses with safety glass — General practice of carriers not alleged, or observed in opening statement — Directed verdict for defendant not error — Electric trolley bus not a motor vehicle — Motor vehicles to be equipped with safety glass — Section 12629-1, General Code — Burden of proof — Plaintiff to establish safety glass recognized as essential to safety.
1. In an action by a passenger on an electric trolley bus to recover damages for personal injuries suffered as a result of shattered glass from a window in the bus, predicated on the theory that such company was negligent in failing to provide safety-glass windows in its bus, it is not error for the trial court, after the opening statement of counsel for the passenger and upon motion by the trolley bus company, to direct a verdict for such company, in the absence of any allegation or observation in the opening statement that it is the general practice of carriers operating trolley busses to equip such busses with safety glass.
2. An electric trolley bus is not a motor vehicle within the meaning of Section 12629-1 et seq., General Code (116 Ohio Laws, 88), and a trolley bus company is not required by those sections to equip the windows of its trolley busses with safety glass.
3. In such case, the mere fact that the General Assembly has indicated a legislative policy to require safety glass to be installed in certain types of motor vehicles does not obviate the obligation upon the passenger, in order to show negligence upon the part of such company, to establish that the use of such glass is generally recognized as essential to the safety of the passenger by companies operating the same type of public carrier as that in which the passenger was injured.
APPEAL: Court of Appeals for Franklin county.
Messrs. Mayer Mayer and Mr. Sam Topolosky, for appellant. Messrs. Burr, Porter, Stanley Treffinger, for appellee.
Plaintiff's action was for damages for personal injuries suffered by her as a passenger on an electric trolley bus of the defendant company resulting from shattered glass from a window to the left and alongside of the seat immediately in front of the seat upon which plaintiff was riding. The glass was broken when the window was struck by a snowball thrown by some person unknown to the parties.
After issues were drawn the cause came on to be tried to a jury and after the opening statement of counsel for plaintiff, upon motion of defendant, the trial judge directed a verdict in defendant's behalf.
It is and was the claim of plaintiff that it was the obligation of the defendant, in the exercise of the degree of care owing to her, to place safety glass in the window of its coach through which the snowball was hurled.
We have had some difficulty in reconciling the exact claim of the plaintiff.
The brief cites and considers at length Sections 12629-1, 12629-2 and 12629-3, General Code (116 Ohio Ohio Laws, 88). At page 6 it is said:
"Plaintiff-appellant is not attempting to extend or ask this court to extend Section 12629-1 of the General Code to electric trolley coaches."
And at page 4 it is said:
"The plaintiff-appellant is not relying on the common-law duty of a common carrier to its passengers."
If the plaintiff has said what she intended to say, it is that there is no statutory obligation enjoined upon the defendant to equip the windows in its busses with safety glass, nor any common-law obligation upon it so to do.
The position of counsel for plaintiff, as we understood it upon oral presentation, was that the obligation of the defendant company as a carrier to the plaintiff, its passenger, upon the application of the principles of common law, required defendant to equip the windows in its busses with safety glass; that the legislation upon the subject, Section 12629-1 et seq., General Code, enjoining the obligation upon operators of motor vehicles to equip such conveyances with safety glass, is evidence of the proper and approved practice essential to safety in the operation of busses such as those operated by the defendant company.
At the outset it may be said that under Section 12629-1, General Code, in the light of the exception in Section 12629-3, General Code, the defendant is not required by statute to equip the windows of its trolley busses with safety glass.
A trolley bus is not a motor vehicle within the meaning of the foregoing sections. City of Dayton v. DeBrosse, 62 Ohio App. 232, 23 N.E.2d 647.
The rule is stated respecting the duty of a carrier towards its passengers in respect to the furnishing of cars and equipment as follows:
"Generally the duty of a carrier involves the exercise of the highest degree of care in furnishing cars and appliances which are safe. * * * The carrier is not, however, charged with the duty of providing or maintaining vehicles or appliances in such condition as will absolutely prevent injuries to passengers; and, generally, if the cars and appliances adopted by it are of the most approved type in general use by others engaged in a similar occupation, its duty in this respect is sufficiently performed." 13 Corpus Juris Secundum, 1392, Section 741.
Supporting this statement of the rule are cited Gorman v. City of Cleveland, 26 Ohio App. 109, 159 N.E. 136, and Cincinnati Traction Co. v. Keil, 26 C.C. (N.S.), 445, 28 C.D., 285. In the latter case the reviewing court approved the following charge:
"A common carrier of passengers does not owe to a passenger the highest degree of care absolutely, but only the highest degree of care consistent with the practical operation of the road in view of the danger to be reasonably apprehended and the purpose to be served. If, therefore, you find that in the present case the company exercised that degree of care which ordinarily prudent streetcar companies under like circumstances use, I charge you that the company was not guilty of any negligence and your verdict should be for the defendant company."
There is no allegation nor any observation in the opening statement of counsel to the jury to the effect that it is the general practice of carriers operating trolley busses to equip such busses with safety glass. Until this situation appears, to hold that the defendant may be charged with the obligation to equip the windows of its busses with safety glass would be enjoining upon it the observance of a higher degree of care than is placed upon other like carriers in the prudent operation of their cars.
The first paragraph of the syllabus of Gorman v. City of Cleveland, supra, states the proposition in somewhat different language:
"Although street railroad companies are bound to exercise the highest degree of care with respect to passengers, such care requires the company to use only such protective devices as are in general use."
In that case it was one of the charges of negligence against the defendant company that its streetcar was not properly equipped with a safety device on its car doors, and that such failure caused the injury of which the plaintiff complained. There was no averment that the device used by the company in opening and closing the door of its cars was not one in general use on streetcars. In this situation the court pronounced the syllabus which we heretofore quoted.
Before safety glass was known it was held that railroad companies generally were not regarded as negligent in failing to place bars, screens, or other guards on the windows of their cars to prevent passengers from being injured. 13 Corpus Juris Secundum, 1392, Section 741. The mere fact that the General Assembly has indicated a legislative policy to require safety glass to be installed in certain types of motor vehicles does not, in our judgment, obviate the obligation upon the plaintiff to establish that the use of such glass is generally recognized as essential to the safety of the passengers by companies operating the same type of public carrier as those employed by the defendant company.
The judgment will be affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
GEIGER, P.J., and BARNES, J., concur.