Summary
reversing conviction where reasonable doubt existed as to juror's ability to be impartial after juror indicated she would find police officers to be more credible and subsequent attempts at rehabilitation were insufficient
Summary of this case from Juede v. StateOpinion
Case No. 4D01-4199
Opinion filed September 18, 2002
Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, St. Lucie County; Dan L. Vaughn, Judge; L.T. Case No. 01-1397 CFA.
Carey Haughwout, Public Defender, and Allen J. DeWeese, Assistant Public Defender, West Palm Beach, for appellant.
Robert A. Butterworth, Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Maria J. Patullo, Assistant Attorney General, West Palm Beach, for appellee.
Kevin Scott was convicted of burglary of a structure and possession of drug paraphernalia after police found him stepping off a church's porch with a shopping bag containing cleaning supplies, a mop, and a candy dish. Although Scott raises a number of issues on appeal, we write to address only one — his claim that the trial court erred in denying his for-cause challenge to a juror. We find merit in this claim and reverse.
During jury selection, defense counsel addressed the venire regarding the credibility of testifying police officers. On this subject, juror Ockerman initially made the following remarks:
D. Cnsl: And what do you think about police officers testifying? Do you think they are more credible because they are police officers?
Juror: Somewhat, I do.
D. Cnsl: And do you think that's solely because they're police officers or do you think it's based on their training or —
Juror: I would say I think it's more or less they choose that sort of duty because, you know, they — they're fighting for everyone, they're working for the public.
D. Cnsl: Okay. So do you think that police officers are more credible solely because they are police officers?
Juror: Uh, I know there is bad police officers, I know there is good ones, but I can't say that just because I see them up there I'm not gonna kinda lean towards their way because there is — I think you said three of them and if they all have the same story, I'm not sure if I could differentiate.
Defense counsel sought to exercise a for-cause challenge to Ockerman, citing her expressed tendency to believe a police officer simply because he or she was an officer. The prosecutor argued that this was not what she had said, so the judge brought Ockerman back into the courtroom for additional questioning. Ockerman further explained:
Juror: . . . Uh, I just, you know, police officers they choose that to be their — their job, that's their civic duty. I, you know, I know there is bad ones. But I can't really imagine why they would get up on the stand lie — and lie.
Court: All right. Would you — if police officers come in and testify, would you, uh, listen to their testimony, observe their demeanor and make up your own mind after you hear them and see them, as to what weight or how much credibility you want to give them, or would you —
Juror: Just because they're police officers, I'm not going to say what they say is true. I would listen to what they say.
. . . .
Juror: I would listen to what they have to say. I won't say just right now because they are police officers whatever they say up there is going to be true. Is that what you're getting at?
. . . .
Court: That's — you're better at asking it than I am. Yes ma'am. In other words you'll be asked to judge credibility of witnesses, maybe police officers, maybe not police officers.
Juror: Right.
Court: I'll give you — if a jury — or you are selected on the jury, you'll be given some criteria that I'm going to give you to determine a person's credibility.
. . . .
Court: . . . Uh, will you — in other words, will you follow the Court's instructions to — in order to determine a witness' credibility, even — including police officers, or would you tend to believe a police officer simply because they are an officer? I think you answered my question, but I just want to make sure.
Juror: Okay. Are you asking me if I will go along with what — how you tell me to judge the law and then are you also asking me if I will say I believe it just because he's a police officer? Is that what you're getting at?
Court: Yes ma'am.
Juror: Okay. Of course I'll do whatever you tell me to, because my dad tells me what a great judge you are. And then no, I'm not going to just say yes, it's right just because they are a police officer.
Court: Okay.
Juror: I just — it's just kind of hard not to, you know, give them just a tiny bit more respect because they do protect the people. And I don't know if that really is what —
Court: Well, I'm not asking you to not respect `em or disrespect `em.
Juror: Right.
Court: I'm just — what I'm asking is will you make up your own mind as to whether they're credible or not based on the testimony they give here in the courtroom —
Juror: Yes.
Both defense counsel and the State declined to ask any further questions. Thereafter, the judge denied the for-cause challenge.
"`The test for determining juror competency is whether the juror can lay aside any bias or prejudice and render his verdict solely upon the evidence presented and the instructions on the law given to him by the court.'" Street v. State, 592 So.2d 369, 371 (Fla. 4th DCA)(on clarification)(quoting Lusk v. State, 446 So.2d 1038, 1041 (Fla.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 873 (1984)), review denied, 599 So.2d 658 (Fla. 1992). "Because impartiality of the finders of fact is an absolute prerequisite to our system of justice, we have adhered to the proposition that close cases involving challenges to the impartiality of potential jurors should be resolved in favor of excusing the juror rather than leaving doubt as to impartiality." Williams v. State, 638 So.2d 976, 978 (Fla. 4th DCA 1994), review denied, 654 So.2d 920 (Fla. 1995). "A juror should be excused for cause if there is any reasonable doubt about the juror's ability to render an impartial verdict." Singleton v. State, 783 So.2d 970, 973 (Fla. 2001). As a result of these principles, a juror's eventual acquiescence that he or she can be fair does not necessarily eliminate doubts raised by the juror's initial responses. See Johnson v. Reynolds, 121 So. 793, 796 (Fla. 1929); Martinez v. State, 795 So.2d 279, 283 (Fla.3d DCA 2001).
In applying these principles to the case before us, we must conclude that, here, there is a reasonable doubt as to Ms. Ockerman's ability to be fair and impartial when it comes to police officers. It is true that when the judge asked "[w]ould you — if police officers come in and testify, would you, uh, listen to their testimony, observe their demeanor and make up your own mind after you hear them and see them, as to what weight or how much credibility you want to give them," Ockerman responded that she wouldn't say that just because they were police officers what they said was true. This comment, however, must be viewed in the context of her earlier remark that she "somewhat" believes that police officers are more credible, the fact that this response came only after she had been separately called back and asked leading questions, and her subsequent statement that "it's just kind of hard not to, you know, give them just a tiny bit more respect because they do protect the people." Moreover, the transcript hints that Ockerman was eager to please the trial judge as she remarked, "I'll do whatever you tell me to, because my dad tells me what a great judge you are."
In short, given the entirety of the exchange, we find that the trial judge abused his discretion in failing to excuse juror Ockerman for cause. See Singleton, 783 So.2d at 973 (applying abuse of discretion standard). Consequently, we reverse Scott's convictions and remand for a new trial. See Davis v. State, 656 So.2d 560, 562 (Fla. 4th DCA 1995) (holding that error in denying such challenge is reversible error without demonstration of prejudice).
REVERSED and REMANDED.
STEVENSON, SHAHOOD and MAY, JJ., concur.