Opinion
No. A-5129.
Opinion Filed November 28, 1925.
1. Appeal and Error — Jury — Determination of Competency of Juror in Court's Discretion. The competency of a juror is a question to be determined by the trial court in the exercise of a sound discretion. Unless there is an abuse of discretion which deprived a defendant of his right to an impartial jury, the ruling of the trial court will be upheld.
2. Same — Procedure in Passing on Challenges. Whenever the competency and impartiality of a juror to sit in a particular case is called in question, and a challenge for cause for actual or implied bias interposed, it is the duty of the trial court to try the challenge and allow or disallow the same. In the absence of an abuse of discretion, his decision will not be set aside, but in such case it is the duty of the trial court to resolve all doubts as to the competency and impartiality of the juror in favor of the defendant.
3. Same — Jurors Who Sat in Previous Trial of Accused on Similar Charge not "Impartial" and Permitting Them to Serve Held Abuse of Discretion, Requiring Reversal. Where it is made to appear that certain jurors called for the trial of a defendant sat in a previous trial of the same defendant on a similar charge, and where it appears that some of the controverted questions of fact in the case in which they are called as jurors are the same as in the case previously tried, and to be established in whole or in part by the same witnesses, such jurors are not "impartial," within the meaning of the statute and Constitution, and the permitting of such jurors to remain on the panel is an abuse of discretion, requiring a reversal.
Appeal from District Court, Oklahoma County; O.L. Price, Judge.
J.E. Schrimpsher was convicted of conjoint robbery, and appeals. Reversed and remanded.
Morris Tant, for plaintiff in error.
George F. Short, Atty. Gen., and Randell S. Cobb, Asst. Atty. Gen., for the State.
From a conviction in the district court of Oklahoma county for the crime of conjoint robbery, the plaintiff in error, hereinafter called defendant, has appealed.
The record discloses that the defendant, together with one Homer Arthur and Lige Hopcus, were informed against for the crime of conjoint robbery. The case was tried on the 28th day of September, 1923. On the 25th day of September the defendant had been tried in the same court upon another charge of conjoint robbery, which trial resulted in a hung jury. On an examination of the jurors on their voir dire, it developed that 9 of the jurors of the 12 called into the box sat as jurors in the case against the defendant when tried on the 25th of September. The defendant exhausted all nine of his peremptory challenges, and there still remained upon the jury 2 jurors who sat in the other case. Counsel for defendant developed this state of facts rather fully, and questioned the jurors rather closely about their state of mind. To some of the questions seeking to develop the state of mind of the jurors by reason of their service in the other case objections were sustained, but, in the main, the court was fairly liberal in permitting interrogations upon the effect, if any, their having been on a prior jury would have. The jurors stated in substance that the fact that they sat on the other trial, upon the same kind of charge, and had made up their minds on the facts in that case, and had made up their minds on the credibility of the witnesses who testified in that case, would not influence them in the instant case.
The questions propounded disclose that in each case the defense was an alibi supported by the same witnesses, and depending, in part at least, on the same state of facts. It also appears that there was some conflict, or claimed conflict, between the evidence of these witnesses given at the former trial and the trial in the instant case. It is contended that this state of the record discloses a case of actual or implied bias; that the jurors who served in the previous case were not impartial, as contemplated by the provisions of the Constitution; that the overruling of the challenge for cause was an abuse of discretion. The state contends that by the provisions of sections 2655, 2675, 2676, 2680, 2683, Comp. Stat. 1921, the Legislature has left to the sound discretion of the trial court the power to determine whether a juror is prejudiced, and when, under the state of facts as disclosed by the record, the court has so determined that a juror is impartial, that no legal objection to the juror exists, citing Howell v. State, 4 Ind. App. 148, 30 N.E. 714; Patterson v. State, 48 N.J. Law, 381, 4 A. 449; State v. Maloney, 118 Mo. 112, 23 S.W. 1084; West v. State, 35 Tex.Crim. 48, 30 S.W. 1069; Arnold v. State, 38 Tex.Crim. 1, 40 S.W. 734. These authorities, in the main, sustain the contention of the state. However, this court in the case of Temple v. State, 15 Okla. Cr. 176, 175 P. 733, held:
"In a prosecution for larceny of live stock, jurors impaneled for the trial may be challenged for actual bias, where it appears that on the day before they had rendered a verdict convicting the same defendant of forgery, where it appears that the testimony in the first case involved certain controverted questions of fact in issue in this case, and where the same witnesses will be called to give the same testimony on an issue the same in both cases. Such jurors are not `impartial' jurors, within the meaning of the Constitution and laws of this state.
"The competency of a juror is, under the statute, a question to be determined by the trial court in the exercise of a sound discretion. The discretion given, however, is not intended to deprive the defendant of his right of trial by an impartial jury, and the statute cannot be regarded as changing in any degree the essential qualifications which jurors must possess.
"Whenever the fairness and impartiality of a juror is called in question, the trial court must be clearly satisfied that such juror is fair and impartial, and it is the duty of the trial court to resolve all doubts on this question in favor of the defendant."
There is this distinction, however, between the Temple Case and the instant case: In the Temple Case the trial court did not permit the examination of the jurors on their voir dire tending to disclose whether or not they would be influenced by the fact that they sat on the jury which had tried the defendant for another offense, while in the instant case the court did permit such examination, and upon the examination held the jurors not disqualified.
Inasmuch as it was made to appear that certain controverted questions of fact in issue in the former case were also in the instant case and developed by the same witnesses, the jurors who sat in the former case were not, in the meaning of the Constitution and statute, impartial jurors. True, the competency of a juror is a question to be determined by the court in the exercise of its sound discretion. This discretion should be determined by all the surrounding circumstances. The fact that jurors state on their voir dire that they have formed no opinion and can and will act fairly and impartially is not alone the test as to their competency. Johnson v. State, 1 Okla. Cr. 321, 97 P. 1059, 18 Ann. Cas. 300; Turner v. State, 4 Okla. Cr. 164, 111 P. 988; Scribner v. State, 3 Okla. Cr. 601, 108 P. 422, 35 L.R.A. (N.S.) 985.
If it were so, that would be permitting the jurors to pass on their own impartiality. It is obvious that, where jurors have heard evidence under their oath from witnesses duly sworn and examined in open court upon a controverted question of fact in one case, and have formed an opinion from such evidence, they are not in a position to pass impartially and uninfluenced upon such controverted question of fact in a subsequent case where the same witnesses again testify. We do not mean in this case to hold that by the mere fact that a juror sat in another case in the trial of a defendant he is thereby disqualified to act as a juror in a subsequent independent case, where none of the controverted questions of fact are the same. Under the record before us the jurors who sat in the former trial were incompetent, and permitting them to serve deprived the defendant of that fair trial guaranteed by the Constitution.
The case is reversed and remanded.
BESSEY, P.J., and DOYLE, J., concur.