Summary
In Schmidt v. Bauer, 80 Cal. 565, [5 L. R. A. 580, 22 P. 256], the injured party entered a saloon conducted by the defendant and, mistaking one door for another, fell into a cellar, as a result of which he was injured.
Summary of this case from Johnstone v. Panama Pacific International Exposition CompanyOpinion
Department One
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of the city and county of San Francisco.
COUNSEL:
F. J. Castlehun, for Appellant.
Marcus Rosenthal, for Respondent.
JUDGES: Works, J. Fox, J., and Paterson, J., concurred.
OPINION
WORKS, Judge
This is an action for damages for personal injuries alleged to have been the result of the defendant's negligence. There was a trial by jury. When the plaintiff's evidence was in, the defendant moved for a nonsuit, which was denied. There was a verdict for the plaintiff; the defendant's motion for a new trial was denied, and he appeals.
The evidence on the part of the plaintiff showed substantially that the defendant was a keeper of a liquor-saloon, and that his private residence was connected therewith, in the same building; that the plaintiff was in the saloon drinking beer; that he asked the defendant the way to the urinal; that the defendant pointed the way; that in the direction indicated by him there was a stairway leading to the urinal in the basement of the building, and on the wall the word "toilet" was painted in large letters to direct the way; that in the same general direction pointed out by the defendant there was a door leading out onto a porch, back of the defendant's dwelling or family rooms, from which a stairway led down into the back yard; that the plaintiff, instead of taking the stairway leading to the urinal connected with the saloon, passed through the door out onto the porch and down into the back yard, where there was a urinal for the use of the family; that the plaintiff attempted to return to the saloon, but instead of coming through the door through which he had passed out, he opened another door leading into another and private part of the house, where the floor had been taken up for the purpose of making repairs, and, stepping in, was precipitated into a cellar and injured; that the plaintiff did not know the condition of the building which caused his fall, and that he supposed that he was coming back through the door at which he had gone out. The plaintiff both denied and admitted that he knew what the word "toilet" painted on the wall meant, but testified that he did not see it.
This evidence showed no actionable negligence on the part of the defendant, and for that reason the nonsuit should have been granted. The keeper of a public place of business is bound to keep his premises and the passage-ways to and from it in safe condition, and use ordinary care to avoid accidents or injury to those properly entering upon his premises on business. (Parker v. Portland Pub. Co ., 69 Me. 173; 31 Am. Rep. 262; Carleton v. Franconia Iron and Steel Co ., 99 Mass. 216; Bennett v. R. R. Co ., 102 U.S. 577.) But this rule only applies to such parts of the building as are a part of or used to gain access to, or constitute a passage-way to and from the business portion of the building, and not to such parts of the building as are used for the private purposes of the owner, unless the party injured has been induced by the invitation or allurement of the owner, express or implied, to enter therein. (Zoebisch v. Tarbell, 10 Allen, 338; 87 Am. Dec. 660; Parker v. Portland Pub. Co ., 69 Me. 173; 31 Am. Rep. 262; Pierce v. Whitcomb , 48 Vt. 127; 21 Am. Rep. 120; Wilkinson v. Fairrie, 1 Hurl. & C. 631; Murray v. McLean , 57 Ill. 378; Victory v. Baker , 67 N.Y. 366; Toomey v. Sanborn , 146 Mass. 28.)
As was said in Sweeney v. Old Colony and Newport R. R. Co ., 10 Allen, 372, 87 Am. Dec. 644: "In order to maintain an action for an injury to person or property by reason of negligence or want of due care, there must be shown to exist some obligation or duty toward the plaintiff which the defendant has left undischarged or unfulfilled ." The evidence fails to show any such duty resting upon the defendant toward the plaintiff. His injury resulted from his entrance uninvited into the private apartments of the defendant. No duty rested upon the defendant, as between him and the plaintiff, to keep such part of his premises in a safe condition. The plaintiff was there without right. The evidence does not show that he was in any way induced by the defendant to enter upon that part of his premises. It not only fails to show negligence on the part of the defendant, but does clearly show contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff. The way to the urinal was plain to be seen. The plaintiff chose to go into the private yard of the defendant, and in coming back, mistook the door through which he fell for the one through which he passed out. He had no right to pass through either of these doors. To do so under the circumstances was such negligence as must preclude him from recovering for his injuries. (Victory v. Baker , 67 N.Y. 366.) Conceding that the respondent was not wrongfully in the place where the accident occurred, and giving the most liberal construction [22 P. 257] to his evidence, he was there by the mere license of the appellant, and for that reason the appellant owed him no duty, and he went there subject to all the risks attending his going. (Holmes v. N.E. R'y Co ., L. R. 4 Ex. 257; Parker v. Portland Pub. Co ., 69 Me. 173; 31 Am. Rep. 262.)
Counsel for respondent rely mainly upon McRickard v. Flint , 119 N.Y. 222, as supporting his case.
The case referred to differed widely from the one before us. The negligence relied upon there was, that the defendants had failed to comply with a statute of that state which provided that "in any store or building in the city of New York in which there shall exist or be placed any hoist-way, elevator, or well-hole, the openings thereof through and upon each floor of said building shall be provided with and protected by a substantial railing, and such good and sufficient trap-doors with which to close the same as may be directed and approved by the superintendent of buildings; and such trap-door shall be kept closed at all times except when in actual use by the occupant or occupants of the building having the use and control of the same," etc. It was held that the failure to comply with this statute was prima facie evidence of negligence, and that the plaintiff, being in the building on business with one of the occupants, and walking through a door opening onto the elevator-shaft, by reason of which he fell and was injured, was not guilty of contributory negligence.
This, it seems to us, presents an entirely different question from the one we are considering, and does not in any way militate against the conclusions we have reached. There are other cases cited, but they do not conflict with the views we have expressed.
The appellant also contends that the court below erred in overruling his demurrer to the complaint. We think the complaint was sufficient. It alleges that the plaintiff was at the place where the accident occurred to business with and at the invitation of the defendant. This was sufficient to show the duty on the part of the defendant, as between the parties, of keeping the premises in safe condition.
As we have seen, the evidence failed to establish this allegation, and for that reason the plaintiff's case was not make out.
Judgment and order reversed.