Opinion
No. 233038.
Submitted November 5, 2001, at Detroit.
Decided January 29, 2002, at 9:00 a.m. Updated April 12, 2002
Appeal from Oakland Circuit Court, LC No. 00-027563-CK.
Cummings, McClorey, Davis Acho, P.L.C. (by Anne McClorey McLaughlin), for the plaintiff. O'Connor, DeGrazia Tamm, P.C. (by Julie McCann O'Connor and Laurie Stewart Kotch), for the defendant.
Before: Neff, P.J., and Wilder and Cooper, JJ.
In this action brought pursuant to the Michigan Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), MCL 15.231 et seq., plaintiff appeals as of right from a circuit court order granting defendant summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) and denying plaintiff the same under MCR 2.116(I)(2). We reverse in part and affirm in part.
I. Facts and Proceedings
On October 9, 2000, plaintiff sent defendant a letter seeking certain information regarding Dan Murray, an independent contractor who served as defendant's home inspector. It is undisputed that plaintiff's letter was sent pursuant to the FOIA and that it complied with all the necessary elements of an FOIA request. Despite this, defendant failed to respond to plaintiff's request within the statutorily mandated time limit. MCL 15.235(2). Because plaintiff did not receive a response from defendant, on October 30, 2000, plaintiff sent an identical request to defendant.
On November 1, 2000, Michael Tyler, defendant's assistant city manager and FOIA coordinator, sent plaintiff a letter acknowledging her October 9, 2000, request and indicated that he would respond to plaintiff's FOIA request by November 10, 2000. Notwithstanding this response, Tyler's written response was not sent to plaintiff until November 13, 2000. That response informed plaintiff that despite "a good faith review of [defendant's] files" and inquiries of "relevant employees," defendant was unable to find any public records pertaining to the information plaintiff sought. The letter then went on to state:
While any of the [requested] public records may exist, they have not to [sic] been found in any reasonably expected file location. An exhaustive search of all city records during regular working hours would burden the City with an unreasonable expense because such an undertaking would require an extensive diversion of staff personnel from their daily responsibilities. If you would like the City to conduct an examination and review of all documents, the City requires that you pay a fee representing the cost of staff time outside of normal working hours, including a 50 % deposit therefore. Please advise me if you would like the City to prepare an estimate of the time and cost upon which a deposit would be based.
The response also informed plaintiff that while Tyler did not believe the response was a denial, if plaintiff believed the response constituted a denial, plaintiff was entitled, pursuant to § 10 of the FOIA, to appeal his decision to defendant's City Council or seek judicial review in the circuit court. MCL 15.240.
After receiving defendant's letter, plaintiff filed the instant action in the Oakland Circuit Court. Plaintiff's complaint alleged that defendant failed to timely respond to her October 9, 2000, request and that defendant's failure to respond within five days constituted a denial of her request. Plaintiff's complaint also alleges that defendant wrongfully denied the request she resubmitted on October 30, 2000. Defendant moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10), arguing that it responded within the time frame permitted by the FOIA. Plaintiff opposed defendant's motion and filed a cross-motion for summary disposition contending both that defendant's failure to timely respond to her October 9, 2000, request constituted a final determination to deny the request, and that defendant's November 13, 2000, response to her resubmitted request was untimely and a final determination to deny the request.
Defendant challenged plaintiff's characterization of its November 13, 2000, response as either untimely or a denial and further asserted that plaintiff waived the right to sue with respect to defendant's failure to timely respond to plaintiff's October 9, 2000, request, specifically because she resubmitted the request. According to defendant, plaintiff's resubmission of her request did not permit her to then characterize defendant's failure to timely respond to the October 9, 2000, request as a final determination to deny the request.
After hearing oral arguments on the parties' cross-motions for summary disposition, the trial court issued a written opinion granting defendant's summary disposition motion and denying plaintiff's motion. In granting defendant's motion, the trial court determined that even though defendant denied plaintiff's initial request by failing to timely respond, plaintiff chose not to commence an action to compel disclosure on the basis of her October 9, 2000, request because she resubmitted the request on October 30, 2000. The trial court further concluded that defendant's November 13, 2000, response did not deny plaintiff's second request for the information and that defendant did not violate the FOIA. Lastly, the trial court found that plaintiff was not entitled to costs and attorney fees because disclosure of the requested information was not compelled by plaintiff's lawsuit.
II. Standard of Review
This Court's review of a trial court's grant or denial of summary disposition is de novo in order to determine whether the moving party was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Sumner v General Motors Corp (On Remand), 245 Mich. App. 653, 659; 633 N.W.2d 1 (2001), citing Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich. 109, 118; 597 N.W.2d 817 (1999). In reviewing an MCR 2.116(C)(10) motion, we are to consider all the documentary evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Sumner, supra; Morales v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 458 Mich. 288, 294; 582 N.W.2d 776 (1998). A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) may properly be granted if there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id.
This case also requires us to interpret statutory language. Statutory interpretation is a question of law that we review de novo. Etefia v Credit Technologies, Inc, 245 Mich. App. 466, 469; 628 N.W.2d 577 (2001), citing Oakland Co Bd of Co Rd Comm'rs v Michigan Property Casualty Guaranty Ass'n, 456 Mich. 590, 610; 575 N.W.2d 751 (1998); In re S R, 229 Mich. App. 310, 314; 581 N.W.2d 291 (1998).
In considering a question of statutory construction, this Court begins by examining the language of the statute. We read the statutory language in context to determine whether ambiguity exists. If the language is unambiguous, judicial construction is precluded. We enforce an unambiguous statute as written. Where ambiguity exists, however, this Court seeks to effectuate the Legislature's intent through a reasonable construction, considering the purpose of the statute and the object sought to be accomplished. [ Macomb Co Prosecutor v Murphy, 464 Mich. 149, 158; 627 N.W.2d 247 (2001) (citations omitted).]
Unless defined in the statute, every word or phrase of a statute should be accorded its plain and ordinary meaning, taking into account the context in which the words are used, Phillips v Jordan, 241 Mich. App. 17, 22-23, n 1; 614 N.W.2d 183 (2000), citing Western Michigan Univ Bd of Control v Michigan, 455 Mich. 531, 539; 565 N.W.2d 828 (1997). Further, the language must be applied as written, Camden v Kaufman, 240 Mich. App. 389, 394; 613 N.W.2d 335 (2000); Ahearn v Bloomfield Charter Twp, 235 Mich. App. 486, 498; 597 N.W.2d 858 (1999), and nothing should be read into a statute that is not within the manifest intent of the Legislature as indicated by the act itself. In re S R, supra at 314.
III. Analysis
Plaintiff first argues that the trial court erred in determining that defendant did not violate the FOIA, and by granting defendant's summary disposition motion and denying plaintiff's summary disposition motion. We agree.
The Legislature's stated purpose in enacting the FOIA is to entitle all persons except prisoners to complete information regarding the affairs of the government and the official acts of those who represent them as public officials and public employees so that they may fully participate in the democratic process. MCL 15.231(2); Detroit Free Press, Inc v Dep't of Consumer Industry Services, 246 Mich. App. 311, 314; 631 N.W.2d 769 (2001); Larry S Baker, PC v City of Westland, 245 Mich. App. 90, 93; 627 N.W.2d 27 (2001). Pursuant to the FOIA, a public body must disclose all public records not specifically exempt under the act. MCL 15.233(1); Baker, supra at 94. MCL 15.235 provides that, unless otherwise agreed to in writing, a public body must respond to a request for a public record within five business days after it receives the request and that the failure to so respond constitutes the public body's final determination to deny the request. MCL 15.235(2) and (3).
Here, the record clearly establishes that plaintiff requested information pursuant to the FOIA on October 9, 2000, and that defendant did not respond to plaintiff's request until November 1, 2000. Defendant's November 1, 2000, letter specifically stated that it was written in response to plaintiff's October 9, 2000, request. According to MCL 15.235(2) and (3), defendant was required to respond to plaintiff's request within five business days after receiving the request, and its failure to timely respond constituted its final determination to deny the request. Because MCL 15.235 is clear and unambiguous, defendant's failure to respond to plaintiff's October 9, 2000, request within five business days constituted a final determination to deny plaintiff's request and a violation of the FOIA. Local 312 of the American Federation of State, County, Municipal Employees, AFL-CIO v Detroit, 207 Mich. App. 472, 474; 525 N.W.2d 487 (1994), citing Hartzell v Mayville Community School Dist, 183 Mich. App. 782, 786; 455 N.W.2d 411 (1990).
The trial court found that defendant failed to respond to plaintiff's first request within five days, yet concluded nevertheless that plaintiff "chose not to commence an action to compel disclosure based on this first event" but instead chose to resubmit her request, an action that prevented defendant's denial from being the basis of plaintiff's lawsuit. The trial court erred in reaching this conclusion. MCL 15.235(7) provides that if a public body makes a final determination to deny a request, the requesting person may either appeal the denial to the head of the public body or commence an action in the circuit court within 180 days. Nothing in the FOIA states that the resubmission of a request denied by virtue of the public body's failure to respond divests the requesting person of the ability to exercise the options granted under MCL 15.240(1)(a) or (b). Notably, neither defendant nor the trial court cites any statutory or case law support for this interpretation of § 10 of the FOIA. As such, we decline to endorse this interpretation because it is inconsistent with the manifest intent of the FOIA. In re S R, supra.
The trial court also found that defendant timely responded to plaintiff's October 30, 2000, request and that defendant's response was not a denial under the FOIA. We disagree. It is apparent from a careful examination of defendant's November 1, 2000, letter asserting the ten business days extension permitted under MCL 15.235(2)(d), and defendant's November 13, 2000, response, that defendant never responded to plaintiff's October 30, 2000, request. Both documents from defendant refer to plaintiff's October 9, 2000, request, but neither of the documents refer to the October 30, 2000, request. Because defendant did not timely respond to plaintiff's October 30, 2000, document request, defendant's failure is treated as a final determination to deny the request and a violation of the FOIA disclosure requirements. Local 312, supra; Hartzell, supra.
We also note that defendant's failure to respond would not be excused even if the documents plaintiff sought did not exist, as the November 13, 2000, response can be read to assert. See Hartzell v Mayville School Dist, 183 Mich. App. 782, 787; 455 N.W.2d 411 (1990), where the Court stated:
We deem that the disclosure required is not limited to the production of an existing document, but, consistent with the requirements of MCL 15.235(2) and (4) . . . also includes the disclosure that the requested document does not exist. It is inconsistent with the purposes of the FOIA for a public body to remain silent, knowing that a requested record does not exist, and force the requesting party to file a lawsuit in order to ascertain that the document does not exist. Although, . . . the court cannot grant relief in the form of ordering the production of a nonexistent document, the court can properly determine that the public body is in violation of the FOIA by failing to disclose that the requested document does not exist and grant summary disposition, as a matter of law, in favor of the requesting party pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10).
Plaintiff further argues that the trial court erred in denying her request for attorney fees, costs, and punitive damages. We disagree.
The FOIA requires that a trial court must award reasonable attorney fees, costs, and disbursements to a prevailing party. MCL 15.240(6); Oakland Co Prosecutor v Dep't of Corrections, 222 Mich. App. 654, 663; 564 N.W.2d 922 (1997); Wilson v City of Eaton Rapids, 196 Mich. App. 671, 673; 493 N.W.2d 433 (1992). A party prevails in the context of an FOIA action when the action was reasonably necessary to compel the disclosure, and the action had a substantial causative effect on the delivery of the information to the plaintiff. Oakland Co Prosecutor, supra at 663; Wilson, supra at 673. Here, plaintiff's lawsuit was not reasonably necessary to compel the disclosure of the information sought. Although defendant did not timely respond to plaintiff's October 9, 2000, request or respond at all to plaintiff's October 30, 2000, request, defendant's November 13, 2000, response is evidence that defendant had conducted a good-faith review of its files and that the requested information was not found in any reasonably expected file location. Defendant's offer to conduct an exhaustive search of its records outside normal business hours upon payment of a fee with a fifty percent deposit was authorized by MCL 15.234(1) and (2).
Plaintiff contends that defendant is denied the opportunity to request the fee and deposit under the act because its response was untimely and therefore the fee and deposit were not requested by defendant "at the time a request is made." We disagree. Under plaintiff's construction of the statute, a public body that timely asserts its ten-day extension would be unable to require a fee and deposit because this requirement would not be asserted "at the time of" the document request. We construe the words "at the time of the request" to require only a contemporaneous assertion of rights to a fee and deposit under § 4 of the act, and find that defendant's assertion was contemporaneous with plaintiff's document request, particularly since it was made before plaintiff's complaint was filed.
Notably, plaintiff's complaint does not challenge defendant's right to require a fee or deposit.
Plaintiff also contends that even if the fee and deposit requirement was timely asserted, defendant was not entitled to a deposit because defendant did not state in its November 13, 2000, letter that the fee would exceed $50. We reject this contention as well. Not only did plaintiff fail to challenge defendant's fee and deposit requirements in her complaint, she also provides no evidence that the fee would have been less than $50. Because defendant offered to give plaintiff an estimate and plaintiff apparently declined to obtain one, we conclude that there was no genuine issue of material fact presented to the trial court that would support plaintiff's claim that this action was reasonably necessary or had a substantial causative effect on defendant's document disclosure. Lastly, plaintiff is not entitled to punitive damages because she is not a prevailing party as defined in the act.
IV. Conclusion
In sum, we find that the trial court erred in determining that defendant did not violate the FOIA, and we therefore reverse the granting of summary disposition in favor of defendant with regard to this issue. We also find that plaintiff is not a prevailing party as defined by the act, and we therefore affirm the trial court's refusal to award costs, attorney fees, and punitive damages.