Opinion
Argued April 7, 1986
June 3, 1986.
Sovereign immunity — Judicial Code, 42 Pa. C. S. § 8522(b)(4) — Motor vehicles.
1. Allegations that the Commonwealth was negligent in failing to require an individual to take a written and practical driver's examination for class two motor vehicles, in issuing the individual a license to operate class two motor vehicles, in failing to warn the public of the individual's incompetency and ability to operate class two motor vehicles, and in failing to discover the individual's incompetency to operate class two motor vehicles are insufficient under the Judicial Code, 42 Pa. C. S. § 8522(b)(4), to avoid the bar of sovereign immunity. [613-14]
Argued April 7, 1986, before Judges ROGERS and DOYLE, and Senior Judge KALISH, sitting as a panel of three.
Appeal, No. 115 Miscellaneous Docket No. 4, from the Order of the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County in the case of Linda Ruff, Administratrix of the Estate of Allyson Ruff, Deceased and Linda and James Ruff as parents and natural guardians for Jared Ruff, a minor, and James and Linda Ruff as individuals in their own right v. Baum's Bologna, Inc., Mercedes-Benz Truck Co., Inc., Pennsylvania Department of Transportation and Steven J. Byrne, No. 1634 February Term, 1983.
Complaint in trespass in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County against Commonwealth and others. Commonwealth filed preliminary objections. Preliminary objections denied. Commonwealth moved for summary judgment. Motion denied. DiBONA, J. Commonwealth appealed to the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania. Held: Reversed and remanded.
Gary Stewart Seflin, with him, Alexis L. Barbieri, Deputy Attorney General, and LeRoy S. Zimmerman, Attorney General, for petitioner.
Edward D. Conway, with him, Marvin W. Factor, Factor, McCabe, Weisberg Totaro, for appellees.
Linda Ruff, the administratrix of the estate of Allyson Ruff, deceased, and Linda and James Ruff as parents and natural guardians for Jared Ruff, a minor, and in their own right, brought suit in trespass against the Commonwealth Department of Transportation, Baum's Bologna, Inc., Mercedes-Benz Truck Co., Inc., and Steven J. Byrne claiming damages on account of injuries suffered by them when the car in which they were passengers was struck by a class two motor vehicle, a Mercedes-Benz truck, driven by Steven J. Byrne and owned by Baum's Bologna, Inc. The Commonwealth filed a motion for summary judgment which the trial court refused. The Commonwealth then filed in this court a petition for review of that order, which, although interlocutory, we granted pursuant to the Advisory Council's note to Pa. R.A.P. 1311.
The Ruffs by their complaint described the Commonwealth's negligence as consisting of failing to require Steven J. Byrne to take a written and practical driver's examination "testing his skills, knowledge, training and capabilities in the use and operation of class two motor vehicles"; in issuing Byrne a license to operate class two motor vehicles; in failing to warn the Ruffs and the public of Byrne's incompetency and inability to operate a class two motor vehicle; in being without procedures to test the ability of the applicants for class two licenses; and in failing to discover that Byrne was incompetent to operate a class two motor vehicle.
In its motion for summary judgment, the Commonwealth asserted that the Ruffs' allegations did not describe negligence of a kind excepted from the rule of sovereign immunity by 42 Pa. C. S. § 8522(b); so that it, the Commonwealth, was immune from liability pursuant to 42 Pa. C. S. § 8521(a).
The trial court judge observed that 42 Pa. C. S. § 8522(b)(4) provides for an exception to immunity for a "dangerous condition of . . . highways under the jurisdiction of a Commonwealth agency" and that the court in Mistecka v. Commonwealth, 46 Pa. Commw. 267, 273, 408 A.2d 159, 162 (1979), had referred to a Webster's dictionary definition of the word "condition" as importing "a state of affairs that hampers or impedes or requires correction." The trial judge on this basis concluded that the question of whether the conditions in this case were dangerous was for a jury. We disagree.
The plaintiffs in Mistecka averred that there was a history of unknown persons throwing rocks from a highway bridge overpass onto a state highway beneath; and that they were injured by rocks thrown upon their vehicle at that place. We held that the plaintiff's description of the history of rock throwing at the place on the highway where they were injured sufficiently alleged a dangerous condition of the highway at that location.
In contrast, in Shakoor v. Department of Transportation, 63 Pa. Commw. 571, 440 A.2d 647 (1981), we rejected the argument that the Commonwealth Department of Transportation had created a dangerous condition of the highways within the meaning of 42 Pa. C. S. § 8522(b)(4) by failing to revoke the operating privileges of an uninsured driver, holding that" [s]ince the negligent actions averred by the appellants would constitute negligent policies or activities as opposed to 'a dangerous condition of Commonwealth . . . highways under the jurisdiction of Commonwealth agencies,' we believe that the lower court correctly concluded that [42 Pa. C. S. § 8522(b)(4)'s] exception to the general grant of sovereign immunity is inapplicable. . . ." 63 Pa. Commw. at 574, 440 A.2d at 649.
In Walters v. Department of Transportation, 81 Pa. Commw. 478, 474 A.2d 66 (1984), the plaintiffs were injured in a two-car collision. They contended that the Commonwealth Department of Transportation created a dangerous condition of the highways by its failure physically to lift the operator's license and vehicle registration of the other driver after that driver had earlier been convicted of drunken driving and had had his operating privileges suspended. We affirmed the trial courts order granting the Commonwealth's motion for summary judgment on the ground that the plaintiffs had not alleged a dangerous condition of the highways. Clearly Shakoor and Walters, not Mistecka, control this case.
Finally, the Ruffs' argument that statutory sovereign immunity is unconstitutional is without merit. Marino v. Seneca Homes, Inc., 63 Pa. Commw. 534, 439 A.2d 1287 (1981).
We reverse the order of the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, remand the record, and direct the trial court to grant the Commonwealth's motion for summary judgment. Jurisdiction is relinquished.
ORDER
AND NOW, this 3rd day of June, 1986, the order of the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County in the above-captioned matter is reversed. We remand the record and direct that the trial court grant the Commonwealth's motion for summary judgment. Jurisdiction is relinquished.