Opinion
April 22, 1999
Appeal from the Supreme Court, New York County (Carol Huff, J.).
In June 1995, defendant asked plaintiff law firm to represent him in his negotiations with the City of New York to construct an auto racing facility on Staten Island. By letter dated July 16, 1995, plaintiff proposed a retainer and fee arrangement, under which defendant would pay 10% of the gross receipts. from the autodrome project and an hourly fee of $100, plus expenses. The hourly fee payments were deferred until the project began to bring in revenue. The letter agreement contained an arbitration clause stating that all disputes concerning the agreement or plaintiffs representation of defendant would be arbitrated in accordance with the rules of the American Arbitration Association.
Though the letter directed defendant to indicate acceptance by signing and returning it, he did neither. Plaintiff alleges that defendant refused plaintiffs repeated requests that he sign the agreement, but defendant denies this.
Autodrome, Inc., the corporation formed by defendant for the Staten Island project, was incorporated in July 1995. The principals of the plaintiff law firm were designated officers, partners and equity owners of Autodrome, Inc. By September 1995, plaintiff allegedly became concerned that it was not receiving any return on its investment of time and services and wrote to defendant to propose a buyout of its interest. The September 22, 1995 letter from Steven C. Beer (a partner in the firm) to defendant began as follows: "It was good to see you on Monday to discuss the Autodrome Project during which we reconfirmed our fee arrangement agreed to in June, which provides Rudolph Beer with a ten (10%) percent interest in the entire Autodrome Project, dilutable to a minimum of five (5%) percent, in consideration for our services. Larry [Rudolph] and I have of course relied upon this agreement since coming on board as your counsel" (emphasis added). Mr. Beer appended billing records to this letter, which he explicitly stated were enclosed so that defendant could calculate the value of the proposed buyout. This is significant because plaintiff now denies that the firm's compensation was governed by the letter agreement and claims that the billing records were sent because defendant was expected to pay the firm's usual $250 per hour fee. Defendant strongly disputes this claim.
Defendant maintains that he discharged the firm in November 1995 because it allegedly failed to render the services he required, namely helping Autodrome, Inc. secure a contract with the City to develop the site. When the parties failed to agree on compensation for plaintiff after the representation ended, plaintiff brought this action seeking quantum meruit reimbursement at its normal $250 per hour rate. As noted above, plaintiff contends that the retainer agreement, and the arbitration clause contained in it, are unenforceable because defendant never agreed to it. An additional dispute concerns the scope of the attorney-client relationship. Defendant claims that plaintiff was retained to represent Autodrome, not himself personally, while plaintiff argues that it only worked for defendant personally. Both parties moved for summary judgment. The motion court properly found an issue of fact as to whom the firm represented. However, it erred in concluding that the retainer agreement was void on the ground that there was no proof that defendant consented to any term of the retainer agreement until after the litigation was commenced.
Although CPLR 7501 states that an agreement to arbitrate must be in writing, "[t]here is no requirement that such a writing be signed by a party against whom arbitration is sought" ( McAlley v. Boise-Griffin S. S. Co., 81 A.D.2d 771, appeal dismissed 54 N.Y.2d 827). Presumably, it is even clearer that it is unnecessary that it be signed by the party seeking enforcement. This very issue arose in Crawford v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner Smith ( 35 N.Y.2d 291). The defendant in Crawford sought arbitration before the New York Stock Exchange, pursuant to a clause in an employment agreement that only the plaintiff had signed. The plaintiff, who wished to arbitrate before a different tribunal, contended that his former employer could not enforce the Stock Exchange arbitration clause because it had not signed the contract ( Crawford v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner Smith, supra, at 294-295). The Court of Appeals explicitly rejected this argument ( Crawford v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner Smith, supra, at 299). Just as in Crawford, plaintiff here seeks to deny defendant the benefit of an arbitration clause in an agreement which defendant did not sign, but which plaintiff always treated as governing the parties' relationship. Plaintiffs claim is baseless.
To enforce an arbitration clause in an unsigned agreement, it must be shown that the other party's conduct evinced an intent to be bound by the agreement ( Matter of Baroque Fashions [Scotney Mills], 19 A.D.2d 873, 874). Here, plaintiffs own words in its September 22 letter state that, a few days previously, the parties had "reconfirmed our fee arrangement agreed to in June". Moreover, in a letter to defendant dated September 20, 1995, Mr. Beer refers to himself as "an officer, partner and equity owner in Autodrome, Inc.", strongly supporting the proposition that defendant accepted plaintiffs offer to be compensated with a stake in the Autodrome venture instead of its full hourly fee. Finally, there is simply no evidence that defendant ever acted inconsistently with the retainer agreement or behaved as if a different payment schedule were in effect. Plaintiffs effort to avoid the arbitration clause is particularly disingenuous, in light of the fact that plaintiff is the one who drafted this contract provision, as well as the one whose conduct most clearly shows an intent to be bound by the contract containing this clause ( Liberty Mgt. Constr. v. Fifth Ave. Sixty-Sixth St. Corp., 208 A.D.2d 73, 78-79). Accordingly, we grant defendant's motion to dismiss the action so that the case may be arbitrated. Among the issues to be determined in arbitration is whether plaintiff represented defendant, Autodrome, Inc., or both.
Concur — Rosenberger, J. P., Nardelli, Williams and Andrias, JJ.