Opinion
No. 09-15136.
Argued and Submitted February 23, 2010.
Filed March 29, 2010.
Shelley G. Bryant, Esquire, William J. Smith, Esquire, W.J. Smith Associates, Fresno, CA, Christopher Ho, Senior Staff, Carole Vigne, The Legal Aid Society, San Francisco, CA, for Plaintiffs-Appellants.
William C. Hahesy, Esquire, Law Offices Of William C. Hahesy, Michael Stephen Helsley, I, Esquire, Jones Helsley PC, Fresno, CA, Charles J. Stevens, Esquire, Bradley A. Benbrook, Daniel J. Croxall, Esquire, Stevens, O'Connell Jacobs, LLP, Sacramento, CA, for Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California, Oliver W. Wanger, District Judge, Presiding. D.C. No. 1:99-cv-06443-OWW-SMS.
MEMORANDUM
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
Appellants Rivera, et. al ("Rivera"), twenty-three Hispanic and Southeast Asian immigrant workers, brought suit against Nibco, their former employer, alleging that they had been terminated on the basis of their national origin in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. A jury returned a verdict in Nibco's favor. On appeal, Rivera contends that the district court erroneously denied their Batson challenge to Nibco's use of three of its four peremptory strikes to remove Hispanic jurors. See Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986). Because we conclude that, with respect to Juror "TG," the district court's denial of Rivera's Batson challenge was clearly erroneous, we reverse and remand for a new trial.
In order to protect the potential jurors' privacy, we refer to them by their initials only.
We also deny Nibco's Motion to Strike Appellant's Appendix, and grant Appellant's request to take judicial notice of the completed juror questionnaires. See United States v. Torres-Ramos, 536 F.3d 542, 560-61 (6th Cir. 2008) (taking judicial notice of juror questionnaires). We consider the questionnaires not for the truth of the potential jurors' statements, but as evidence of the information that was before Nibco when it made its peremptory strikes. Cf. Von Saher v. Norton Simon Museum of Art, 592 F.3d 954, 960 (9th Cir. 2010) (taking judicial notice of magazine articles about paintings at issue in the case as evidence "of what information was in the public realm at the time").
I.
This appeal concerns Batson's third step. At this step, the district court was obligated to "undertake a sensitive inquiry into such circumstantial and direct evidence of intent as may [have] be[en] available" to determine whether Nibco's strikes were motivated by purposeful discrimination. Batson, 476 U.S. at 93, 106 S.Ct. 1712 (internal quotation marks removed).
As an initial matter, we reject Nibco's argument that Rivera should be precluded on appeal from pointing out flaws in Nibco's proffered reasons that are apparent from the record, but that Rivera did not specifically point out below. Rivera's initial Batson challenge "impose[d] on the trial court an obligation to complete the third step of the Batson process. . . ." United States v. Alanis, 335 F.3d 965, 966 (9th Cir. 2003). "[T]he third step of Batson primarily involves the trier of fact," which "must evaluate the record and consider each explanation within the context of the trial as a whole. . . ." Kesser v. Cambra, 465 F.3d 351, 359 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc); see also id. ("[N]either the trial courts nor we are bound to accept at face value a list of neutral reasons that are either unsupported in the record or are refuted by it.") (internal quotation marks removed). Moreover, a comparative juror analysis is required on appeal, even when, as in this case, it was not requested or attempted below. Id. at 361. We thus review the district court's ruling in light of our review of the juror questionnaires.
At oral argument, Nibco's counsel suggested in response to questioning by the court that a court's obligations in ruling on a Batson challenge might be different in civil and criminal cases. This Circuit has not previously recognized such a distinction. See Montiel v. City of Los Angeles, 2 F.3d 335 (9th Cir. 1993) (reversing and remanding for a new trial where district court in § 1983 action failed to conduct a proper Batson inquiry); see also Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Co., 500 U.S. 614, 631, 111 S.Ct. 2077, 114 L.Ed.2d 660 (1991) (holding that the "same approach" to determining whether the proponent of a Batson motion has established a prima facie case of discrimination "applies in the civil context"); but see Woodward v. Epps, 580 F.3d 318, 337-38 (5th Cir. 2009) (distinguishing between courts' roles in ruling on a Batson motion in capital cases as compared to ordinary criminal or civil cases). Because Nibco did not raise this argument in the district court or in its brief on appeal, and because the parties both proceeded throughout this litigation on the basis that the rules and cases applicable to criminal proceedings applied here, we decline to consider the issue at this time.
II. Juror TG
Nibco gave five reasons for striking TG. The district court accepted three: (1) Her sister had problems with discrimination and had filed a discrimination claim (an assertion that Nibco's counsel had qualified by adding, "or not"); (2) She "loved" working with people who spoke different languages; and (3) She had filed a workers' compensation claim. The court did not address Nibco's other two proffered reasons: that TG's sister had been fired and that TG had previously served on a jury that failed to reach a verdict.
The record reveals major flaws in all three of the reasons accepted by the court. First, Nibco's assertion that TG's sister had experienced discrimination, which the district court converted into an assertion that TG's sister had brought a discrimination claim, was completely unfounded and has no support in the record. Second, TG never said she loved working in a multilingual environment. Nibco conflated two unrelated statements in asserting otherwise. Finally, a comparative juror analysis undermines Nibco's credibility regarding its concern with TG's workers' compensation claim: Four white jurors had also filed workers' compensation claims, and Nibco neither questioned them about their claims nor used its peremptory strikes to eliminate them from the jury. See Miller-El v. Dretke, 545 U.S. 231, 241, 125 S.Ct. 2317, 162 L.Ed.2d 196 (2005) ("If [a party's] proffered reason for striking a [Hispanic] panelist applies just as well to an otherwise-similar [non-Hispanic] who is permitted to serve, that is evidence tending to prove purposeful discrimination to be considered at Batson's third step.").
"The proffer of various faulty reasons and only one or two otherwise adequate reasons, may undermine the prosecutor's credibility to such an extent that a court should sustain a Batson challenge." Lewis v. Lewis, 321 F.3d 824, 831 (9th Cir. 2003); see also Snyder v. Louisiana, 552 U.S. 472, 485, 128 S.Ct. 1203, 170 L.Ed.2d 175 (2008) ("[The] proffer of [a] pretextual explanation naturally gives rise to an inference of discriminatory intent."). Here, all of the reasons accepted by the district court either lack support in the record or are thoroughly undermined by a comparative juror analysis.
The remaining two reasons offered by Nibco, which the district court did not address — TG's jury experience and her sister's dismissal — are also seriously flawed. Three white jurors had previous jury experience, including one who said she had trouble "judging others," but Nibco did not find that to be a basis for striking, or even questioning them during voir dire. And it is implausible that TG would have been biased by her sister's dismissal: the record shows that TG believed that it was her sister's own fault, because she missed too much work.
Under these circumstances, and taking into account the fact that Nibco used its strikes disproportionately against Hispanic jurors in a case involving claims of national origin discrimination against Hispanic workers, see United States v. Esparza-Gonzalez, 422 F.3d 897, 905 (9th Cir. 2005) (stating that the racial element inherent in a trial is a fact "that should also be considered when evaluating whether the totality of the circumstances gives rise to an inference of discriminatory intent"), the district court's conclusion that Nibco's proffered reasons were not pretexts for discrimination was clearly erroneous.
III. Juror "L"
"Because just one racial strike calls for a retrial," it is not necessary to determine whether there were genuine, non-racial reasons for striking the other two jurors. Kesser, 465 F.3d at 369. It is relevant, however, that Nibco's proffered reason for striking Juror L is highly questionable, "mak[ing] it even harder to believe that [its] reasons for striking [Juror TG] were race-neutral." Id.
Nibco's only proffered reason for striking Juror L was that he lived with his father who had been recently laid off due to a lack of work. Nibco's counsel stated that Juror L "indicated that . . . the experience of his father getting laid off was something that bothered him and he was concerned about that." Counsel repeated three times that Juror L lived with his father and twice stressed that the lay-off was recent.
The record confirms that Juror L's father had been laid off. However, neither the court nor the parties asked him about the lay-off during voir dire (in fact, neither party asked him any questions at all), and there is no evidence in either the voir dire transcript or the juror questionnaires regarding how Juror L felt about it. Nor is there any evidence that the lay-off was recent, or that Juror L lived with his father. Nibco's lack of foundation for its assertions is troubling. Although on its own, it would not necessarily require a finding of intentional discrimination with respect to Juror L, it further undermines Nibco's credibility with respect to its reasons for striking Juror TG.
Nibco's proffered reason for striking the third Hispanic potential juror, RG, was similarly problematic. Nibco asserted that RG's mother had been involved in a discrimination suit against her former employer. However, the record reveals that RG's mother had experienced discrimination at work and then "just moved on." As with Juror L, this inconsistency may not so undermine Nibco's credibility with respect to its reasons for striking Juror RG that it compels a finding of intentional discrimination with respect to her, but it provides further evidence of intentional discrimination with respect to Juror TG. See Kesser, 465 F.3d at 368-69.
IV.
Nibco's stated reasons for striking juror TG were implausible, unsupported by the record, and/or undermined by a comparative juror analysis. Accordingly, the district court erred in finding that they were not pretext for intentional discrimination. We therefore REVERSE and REMAND for a new trial.
REVERSED and REMANDED.
I respectfully dissent from the majority. Even though the procedure in a Batson challenge seems to be a pitfall for the district courts, Kesser v. Cambra, 465 F.3d 351, 359 (9th Cir. 2006) (en banc), requires the district court to consider each explanation within the context of the record, regardless of whether relevant portions of the record are brought to its attention by the movant. Therefore, in light of Kesser, I concur with the majority in its denial of the motion by Nibco to strike appellants' appendix and its granting the request to take judicial notice of the completed juror questionnaires as tendered by the appellants.
I part company with the majority with regard to its determination that the district court clearly erred in finding that the stated reasons by Nibco for striking Juror TG were not a pretext for intentional discrimination. As the majority states, the district court accepted three reasons for striking TG and did not address the two other reasons. Although Nibco's counsel made a mistake when he claimed that TG's sister had problems with discrimination, counsel apparently corrected the mistake when he said "or not." The sister had not indicated any problems with discrimination, but she had been fired for calling in to be excused too many times. TG said it was her sister's own fault that she was fired, but that does not show discrimination. Counsel also said that TG "loved working" with people who spoke different languages. TG did say that she worked in a diverse workplace for Frito Lay and that she got along with everyone. She also said that Frito Lay was a great company to work for and that she had no grievances with it. The suggestion that she loved working in a diverse workplace was probably a subjective thought by counsel. She also had filed a workers' compensation claim, as did some of the non-Hispanic jurors. Although four non-Hispanic jurors also filed workers' compensation claims, they did not have the overall mixture of criteria related by Nibco. Consequently, the majority's comparative juror analysis is an exercise in comparing apples to oranges.
Finally, Nibco indicated that TG had previously served on a jury that failed to reach a verdict. Although comparing just one of these criteria with the criteria found in a non-Hispanic juror questionnaire might lend credence to a determination that there was discrimination, when all of these factors were related about TG, the district court did not clearly err in finding a non-discriminatory motive in striking TG. Evaluating the state of mind of Nibco's counsel, based on demeanor and credibility, "lies peculiarly within a trial judge's province." See Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 365, 111 S.Ct. 1859, 114 L.Ed.2d 395 (1991). Thus, the district court's determination of no discriminatory animus is entitled to more deference than was allowed by the majority.
Because the majority does not indicate that the district court clearly erred in finding no discrimination in the striking of Juror L or RG, I do not discuss those jurors nor the criteria used in striking them. For the reasons stated heretofore, I would find that the district court did not clearly err in finding no discriminatory intent in striking certain jurors. I would affirm the district court.