Summary
emphasizing that court's findings that are the basis for a property settlement must always "provide a clear statement as to what was decided and why"
Summary of this case from Hayden v. HaydenOpinion
No. 83-443
Opinion Filed September 13, 1985
1. Domestic Relations — Maintenance Payments — Erroneous Finding of Fact
Where defendant sought maintenance payments after obtaining divorce from plaintiff, and trial court enforced terms of prenuptial agreement as to parties' property interests but awarded no additional relief based on erroneous overestimation of defendant's annual income, this material finding of fact was clearly erroneous and was set aside.
2. Appeal and Error — Discretion of Trial Court — Findings of Fact
Function of supreme court on appeal is to review trial court's actions in order to determine whether its exercise of discretion was proper; purpose of findings is to provide clear statement as to what was decided and why; where no indication appears of method employed and weight accorded various factors, remand is necessary.
3. Judges — Recusal — Doubt of Impartiality
Since disqualification of judge is required whenever doubt of impartiality would exist in mind of reasonable, disinterested observer, assistant judges who disclosed in open court that they had known plaintiff for ten years or more should have disqualified themselves. Code of Judicial Conduct, 12 V.S.A. App. VIII, A.O. 10, Canon 3(C)(1).
Appeal by defendant from denial of maintenance payments in divorce case. Orleans Superior Court, Meaker, J., presiding. Reversed and remanded.
Peter E. Yeager of Rexford Kilmartin, Newport, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Swainbank, Morrissette, Neylon Hickey, St. Johnsbury, for Defendant-Appellant.
Present: Allen, C.J., Hill, Peck, Gibson and Hayes, JJ.
In obtaining a divorce after ten years of marriage, defendant sought maintenance payments to meet her needs of about $10,000 a year. The trial court enforced the terms of a prenuptial agreement, which dealt only with property interests of the parties, but the court awarded no additional relief. The court found that defendant received $4176 quarterly in dividend income; however, uncontroverted evidence establishes that the $4176 was an annual — not quarterly — figure. Thus, the court appears to have overestimated defendant's gross income by $12,528 a year. This material finding of fact was clearly erroneous and must be set aside. Jacobs v. Jacobs, 144 Vt. 124, 126, 473 A.2d 1165, 1167 (1984); V.R.C.P. 52(a).
Plaintiff contends that the erroneous finding could simply have been a clerical mistranscription from an exhibit, and thus was not a "clearly erroneous" interpretation of the evidence. Even if the court mistook these facts, plaintiff adds, they were but a part of many facts considered, and the court could in its discretion have reached the same result nonetheless.
The determinative question is not whether the court could have reached the same result even if it had not erred; rather, the question is whether correct attention to the issue could have changed the result. See Kopelman v. Schwag, 145 Vt. 212, 214, 485 A.2d 1254, 1255 (1984).
Our function on appeal is to review the trial court's actions in order to determine whether its exercise of discretion was proper. Savery v. Savery, 134 Vt. 391, 391-92, 360 A.2d 58, 58-59 (1976). The purpose of findings is to provide a clear statement as to what was decided and why; where no indication appears of the method employed and weight accorded various factors, remand is necessary. Page v. Smith-Gates Corp., 143 Vt. 280, 283, 465 A.2d 1102, 1104 (1983); see also Arnold v. Arnold, 141 Vt. 118, 120, 444 A.2d 890, 891-92 (1982). The findings in this case do not assure us that the court's substantial miscalculation would have had no effect. The ambiguity from which plaintiff seeks to benefit requires reversal.
Because this case will be retried, we also address defendant's appeal of the refusal of the assistant judges to disqualify themselves from the case. The two assistant judges candidly disclosed in open court that they had known plaintiff slightly for ten years or more, Judge Rooney having played golf with plaintiff on three or four occasions during this period and Judge Nelson indicating that he had run into plaintiff from time to time and visited with him on occasion. When defendant requested that they not sit, the assistant judges both felt they could be impartial and rejected her request.
Recusal is normally a decision to be made by the particular judge. See Daitchman v. Daitchman, 145 Vt. 145, 146-47, 483 A.2d 270, 271 (1984) (affirming assistant judge's refusal to recuse herself). Although the ultimate test is whether the judge can decide the case impartially and without bias, id. (following Leonard v. Willcox, 101 Vt. 195, 215, 142 A. 762, 771 (1928)), "[a] judge should disqualify himself in a proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned . . . ." Code of Judicial Conduct, 12 V.S.A., App. VIII, A.O. 10, Canon 3(C)(1) (Supp. 1985).
Absent a procedure in Vermont for referral of close questions to another judge, we reaffirm this Court's statement in Condosta v. Condosta, 137 Vt. 35, 36, 401 A.2d 897, 898 (1979), that, "if the slightest question exists, all doubts should be resolved" in favor of disqualification. We interpret this standard to require the disqualification of a judge whenever a doubt of impartiality would exist in the mind of a reasonable, disinterested observer. A motion that "is frivolous, or made to delay proceedings, or has no foundation justifying recusal" should be denied. Id.
Although "[s]uch a stringent rule may sometimes bar trial by judges who have no actual bias and who would do their very best to weigh the scales of justice equally between contending parties," In re Murchison, 349 U.S. 133, 136 (1955), only by thus satisfying the public appearance of justice can a court "perform its high function in the best way." Id. (citing Offutt v. United States, 348 U.S. 11, 14 (1954) ("justice must satisfy the appearance of justice"), and Tumey v. Ohio, 273 U.S. 510, 532 (1927) ("Every procedure which would offer a possible temptation to the average man as a judge . . . not to hold the balance nice, clear and true . . . denies . . . due process of law.")).
In this case, the assistant judges considered their acquaintance with the plaintiff a serious enough matter to bring to the attention of the defendant. If a relationship is substantial enough to merit disclosure by the judge and invite a motion for recusal, then, when such a motion is made, the disclosing judge should, as a general rule, disqualify himself. We are unable to say, on the record before us, that all doubts of impartiality would have been erased from the mind of a reasonable, disinterested observer. Accordingly, Assistant Judges Rooney and Nelson should not sit on further proceedings herein.
Reversed and remanded for a new hearing on disposition of property and payment of maintenance.