Opinion
Slip Op. 07-115, Court No.: 02-00635.
July 26, 2007.
Wolff Ardis, P.C. (William E. Brown) for Plaintiff PS Chez Sidney, L.L.C.
Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General; David M. Cohen, Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice (David S. Silverbrand and Paul D. Kovac); Office of the General Counsel, United States International Trade Commission (David A.J. Goldfine, Michael Diehl and Neal J. Reynolds); and (Charles Steuart and Ellen C. Daly), United States Customs and Border Protection; for Defendant United States International Trade Commission and United States Customs and Border Protection.
Adduci, Mastriani Schaumberg, LLP (Will Ernest Leonard and John Charles Steinberger) for Defendant-Intervenors Crawfish Processors Alliance, Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry, and Bob Odom, Commissioner.
Arnold Porter, Washington, DC (Michael T. Shor and Claire E. Reade) for Giorgio Foods, Inc., appearing amicus curiae in support of Plaintiff.
Sonnenschein Nath Rosenthal, New York City (Michael A. Bamberger, Howard H. Weller, and Stephen L. Gibson) for INA USA Corporation, appearing amicus curiae in support of Plaintiff.
Collier Shannon Scott, PLLC, Washington, DC (David A. Hartquist) Special Counsel to the Committee to Support U.S. Trade Laws; Stewart and Stewart (Terence P. Stewart); and Douglas W. Kmiec, for The Committee to Support U.S. Trade Laws, appearing amicus curiae in support of Defendant.
OPINION
I INTRODUCTION
Defendant United States moves for reconsideration of this court's decision in PS Chez Sidney L.L.C. v. United States Int'l Trade Comm'n, 442 F. Supp. 2d 1329 (CIT 2006), which granted Plaintiff's First Amendment claims and denied Plaintiff's other claims in its Motion for Summary Judgment, and granted Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment on all claims except for Plaintiff's First Amendment claims. Plaintiff does not oppose this Motion.
Plaintiff's Complaint contains two claims, one alleging that Plaintiff is an eligible domestic producer under the Continued Dumping and Subsidy Act ("CDSOA"), and the other alleging that the CDSOA violates its First Amendment right to free speech under the Constitution. Complaint ¶¶ 25-27, Chez Sidney, 442 F. Supp. 2d 1329.
Defendant requests that the court vacate its certification on the issues of severability of the statute and damages and set a briefing schedule upon these issues. The court denies Defendant's request for rebriefing. The issues have already been briefed by the parties. The court will not vacate its prior decision, but this opinion will amend it to resolve the issues of severability and damages. The court finds severability and remands to the agency concerning damages.
II BACKGROUND
In Chez Sidney, this court held the support requirement of the Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act ("CDSOA" or "Byrd Amendment") unconstitutional as violative of the First Amendment right to free speech. Chez Sidney, 442 F. Supp. 2d at 1333. No provision for severability or remedies was made because the court certified these issues for appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit pursuant to USCIT R. 54(b). Familiarity with this court's prior opinion is presumed.III STANDARD OF REVIEW
USCIT R. 59(a)(2) permits a rehearing for any of the reasons for which rehearings have been granted in suits in equity in United States courts. In deciding whether to grant or deny a motion for rehearing, the court may use its discretion. Xerox Corp. v. United States, 20 CIT 823, 823 (1996). The purpose of a rehearing is not to relitigate the merits of the case. Intercargo Insurance Co. v. United States, 20 CIT 951, 952, 936 F. Supp. 1049 (1996). A court will grant a rehearing only in limited circumstances, including: 1) an error or irregularity; 2) a serious evidentiary flaw; 3) the absence of new evidence which even a diligent party could not have discovered in time; or 4) an accident, unpredictable surprise or unavoidable mistake which impaired a party's ability to adequately present its case.Kerr-McGee Chem. Corp. v. United States, 14 CIT 582, 583 (1990) (quoting United States v. Gold Mountain Coffee, Ltd., 8 CIT 336, 336-37, 601 F. Supp. 212 (1984)).
IV DISCUSSION A Defendant's Arguments in its Motion for Reconsideration
Rule 54(b) states that when numerous claims for relief are presented, the court may direct final judgment on fewer than all of the claims only "upon an express determination that there is no just reason for delay and upon an express direction for the entry of judgment." USCIT R. 54(b) (emphasis added). Defendant argues that the requirements of Rule 54(b) have not been met. Defendant's Rule 59 Motion for Rehearing ("Defendant's Motion") at 2. Defendant citesLiberty Mutual Ins. Co. v. Wetzel, 424 U.S. 737, 742, 96 S. Ct. 1202, 47 L. Ed. 2d 435 (1976) and W.L. Gore Assocs., Inc. v. Int'l Med. Prosthetics Research Assocs., Inc., 975 F.2d 858, 862 (Fed. Cir. 1992), for the proposition that "[a] mere `recital' of the phrases required by the rule does not suffice to render a partial judgment appealable." Defendant's Motion at 3. Defendant further argues that because Plaintiff's claim has not been fully decided and there is no reason to hold that there is "no just cause for delay," the Federal Circuit lacks jurisdiction to review an appeal. Id. at 4.Defendant also argues that Chez Sidney is not a final judgment with respect to Plaintiff's constitutional claim and therefore Rule 54(b) does not apply. Id. Chez Sidney, Defendant argues, leaves unresolved Plaintiff's request for a declaratory judgment, an injunction, and damages in the amount of the distribution it would have been entitled to if it were determined to be an affected domestic producer. Id. at 6-7.
Alternatively, Defendant argues that even if Chez Sidney was a final judgment, there has been no finding that there is "no just cause for delay." Id. at 7.
Plaintiff requests that if the court grants Defendant's Motion, it issue a supplemental opinion resolving the issues of severability and damages. Plaintiff PS Chez Sidney, L.L.C.'s Reply Brief to Defendant's Rule 59 Motion for Rehearing ("Plaintiff's Response") at 2. Plaintiff adds that these issues have already been briefed. Id.
The Defendant's Motion for Rehearing is well taken. The court erred in its issuance of a 54(b) certification to permit a speedy appeal. Accordingly, it considers the issues of severability and damages in the following analysis.
B Severability
Plaintiff argued in its original First Amendment Brief that the "expression of support" eligibility requirements in §§ 1675c(b)(1)(A) and 1675c(d)(1) are severable from the statute without altering the statute's overriding purpose to aid injured members of domestic industry. Brief on First Amendment Issue by Plaintiff PS Chez Sidney, L.L.C. ("Plaintiff's 1st Am. Brief") at 21. Plaintiff proposes severing from the "affected domestic producer" definition in § 1675c(b)(1)(A) the line reading "was a petitioner or interested party in support of the petition." Id. at 22; see 19 U.S.C. § 1675c(b)(1)(A). From the subsection describing the eligible beneficiaries for the affected domestic producers list in § 1675c(d)(1), Plaintiff suggests deleting "petitioners and persons with respect to each order and finding and a list of persons that indicate support of the petition by letter or through questionnaire response." Id.; see 19 U.S.C. § 1675c(d)(1).
An "affected domestic producer" is described in 19 U.S.C. § 1675c(b)(1)(A) as:
a petitioner or interested party in support of the petition with respect to which an antidumping duty order . . . has been entered.19 U.S.C. § 1675c(b)(1)(A) (emphasis added).
The description of parties eligible for distribution of antidumping and countervailing duties assessed in § 1675c(d)(1) states:
The Commission shall forward to the Commissioner within 60 days after the effective date of this section in the case of orders or findings in effect on January 1, 1999, or thereafter, or in any case, within 60 days after the date an antidumping or countervailing duty order or finding is issued, a list of petitioners and persons with respect to each order and finding and a list of persons that indicate support of the petition by letter or through questionnaire response. . . .19 U.S.C. § 1675c(d)(1) (emphasis added).
Amicus INA USA Corporation argues that the support provision is not severable from the remainder of the CDSOA because it is "so central" to the operation of the statute. Amicus Brief of INA USA Corporation as to First Amendment Issues at 22.
Amicus Giorgio Foods, Inc. argues that the CDSOA is severable because absent the unconstitutional support provision, the statute is still consistent with the Congressional purpose of enhancing the remedial effect of the antidumping and countervailing duty statutes. Amicus Curiae Brief of Giorgio Foods, Inc. at 26-27. The statute's legislative history also does not indicate that Congress intended to affect speech. Id. at 27-28.
Amicus The Committee to Support U.S. Trade Laws ("CSUSTL") argues that deleting the language "in support of the petition" from § 1675c(b)(1)(A), and "a list of persons that indicate support of the petition by letter or through questionnaire response" from § 1675c(d)(1), would excise the disputed language from the statute. Brief of Amicus Curiae, [CSUSTL] at 44. Like Defendant, CSUSTL proposes severing the statute in such a way that would narrow the eligible group of beneficiaries to only the petitioners. Id. at 44. CSUSTL further argues that Plaintiff andamicus Giorgio's suggestions are overbroad and out of line with Supreme Court precedent holding that courts should "refrain from invalidating more of a statute than is necessary." Id. at 45 (quoting Alaska Airlines Inc. v. Brock, 480 U.S. 678, 684, 107 S. Ct. 1476, 94 L. Ed. 2d 661 (1987)).
Defendant United States Customs and Border Protection ("Customs") argues that the support provision of the CDSOA is severable, resulting in a narrowing of the eligible class of affected domestic producers to only the petitioners. Defendant's, United States Customs Service, Supplemental Brief in Support of the Constitutionality of the Continued Dumping and Subsidies Offset Act ("Defendant's 1st Am. Response") at 44. Defendant nonetheless says that the CDSOA would still fulfill Congressional intent to remedy the ill effects of dumping. Id.
Moreover, the overall goals of restoring free trade and remedying the ill-effects of foreign dumping and subsidization would still be met should severance occur.Id. The court, Defendant continues, is prohibited from enlarging the scope of the beneficiary class in severing the provision from the statute. Id. at 45 (citing Office of Pers. Mgmt. v. Richmond, 496 U.S. 414, 424-45, 110 S. Ct. 2465, 110 L. Ed. 2d 387 (1990) (finding that money cannot be removed from the Treasury absent Congressional allocation)). Defendant further argues that the beneficiary class after severance can only become smaller. Id. From the "affected domestic producer" definition in 19 U.S.C. § 1675c(1)(A), Defendant proposes deleting "interested party in support of the petition." Id. at 44. From the subsection concerning the list of affected domestic producers, Defendant suggests deleting "list of persons that indicate support of the petition by letter or through questionnaire response." Id.; see 19 U.S.C. § 1675c(d)(1).
When faced with an unconstitutional provision, "the presumption is in favor of severability." Regan v. Time, Inc., 468 U.S. 641, 653, 104 S. Ct. 3262, 82 L. Ed. 2d 487 (1984). The general test for determining whether severability is permissible is two-pronged: 1) if the legislature would have enacted the remaining provisions without the unconstitutional portion and 2) if the remaining provisions can function independently, consistent with legislative intent. Alaska Airlines, Inc., 480 U.S. at 684-85. "Whenever an act of Congress contains unobjectionable provisions separable from those found to be unconstitutional, it is the duty of this court to so declare, and to maintain the act in so far as it is valid." Regan, 468 U.S. at 652 (quoting El Paso Ne. Ry. Co. v. Gutierrez, 215 U.S. 87, 96, 30 S. Ct. 21, 54 L. Ed. 106 (1909)). Consequently, "[u]nless it is evident that the Legislature would not have enacted those provisions which are within its power, independently of that which is not, the invalid part may be dropped if what is left is fully operative as a law."Id. (quoting Buckley v. Valeo, 424 U.S. 1, 108, 96 S. Ct. 612, 46 L. Ed. 2d 659 (1976) (per curiam)). The relevant inquiry for the court is whether the statute will "function in a manner consistent with the intent of Congress." Alaska Airlines, Inc., 480 U.S. at 685, 107 S.Ct. 1476; see also Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc. v. United States, 200 F.3d 1361, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2000). In severing a statute, the court "should refrain from invalidating more of the statute than is necessary." Regan, 468 U.S. at 652, 104 S.Ct. 3262.
Subsequent to Chez Sidney, the court issued SKF v. United States, 451 F. Supp. 2d 1355 (CIT 2006), in which the court made a provision for remedies in a similar case holding the CDSOA unconstitutional, albeit on different Constitutional principles. The court in SKF found the expression of support provision "easily severable from the rest of the CDSOA and [that severing] will not render the statute useless." Id. at 1365. This court agrees with SKF that unconstitutional portions of the CDSOA are indeed severable from the remaining provisions of the statute.See id.
Supreme Court precedent cautions courts both not to enlarge the scope of a statute when severing offending portions and not to invalidate more than is necessary. See Office of Pers. Mgmt., 496 U.S. at 424-25; Regan, 468 U.S. at 652-53. In this court's prior decision, no necessary connection between support for an antidumping petition and harm to a domestic producer was found in the support question contained in the United States International Trade Commission ("ITC") requirement and the court found the requirement simultaneously over and under inclusive. Chez Sidney, 442 F. Supp. 2d at 1358.
The offending language in the statutory definition of an "affected domestic producer" is "in support of the petition." 19 U.S.C. § 1675c(b)(1)(A). The deletion of this text from the subsection of the statute removes the unconstitutional language while fulfilling the Congressional purpose of remedying the injurious effects of dumping on domestic producers. See, e.g., 146 Cong. Rec. H9708 (daily ed. October 11, 2000) (statement of Rep. Nancy Johnson). The new definition of "affected domestic producer" in § 1675c(b)(1)(A) is thus a
petitioner or interested party in19 U.S.C. § 1675c(b)(1)(A) (strikeout portions indicate deleted text). With this modification, the eligible group of beneficiaries of CDSOA offset distributions now includes affected domestic producers of the like product who are petitioners or interested parties in the antidumping investigation. The CDSOA can still be administered the same way.support ofthe petition with respect to which an antidumping duty order, a finding under the Antidumping Act of 1921, or a countervailing duty order has been entered. . . .
An interested party, which is defined in 19 U.S.C. § 1677(9), includes any affected domestic producer. For purposes of CDSOA distributions, an "interested party" is defined by statute as "a manufacturer, producer, or wholesaler in the United States of a domestic like product." 19 U.S.C. § 1677(9)(C). The term "domestic like product" is defined in § 1677(10) as "a product which is like, or in the absence of like, most similar in the characteristics and uses with, the article subject to an investigation under this title."
See definition of interested parties, supra, note 5.
Only "affected domestic producers" who are "interested parties" located within the United States are eligible to receive CDSOA offset distributions because 1) the term "affected domestic producer" is listed in the statute, 19 U.S.C. § 1675c(b)(1) (emphasis added), and 2) each potentially eligible affected domestic producer must file a certification with the ITC after publication of the list of eligible affected domestic producers, stating that it is "eligible to receive the distribution as an affected domestic producer," 19 U.S.C. § 1675c(d)(2)(B) (emphasis added).
The support requirement is also mentioned in § 1675c(d)(1), in the subsection that directs the ITC to forward the list of eligible affected domestic producers to Customs. The phrase "and a list of persons that indicate support of the petition by letter or through questionnaire response" must be stricken from that provision in order for the statute to pass Constitutional muster. 19 U.S.C § 1675c(d)(1). The new statutory language in § 1675c(d)(1) reads, in pertinent part:
The Commission shall forward to the Commissioner . . . a list of petitioners and persons with respect to each order and finding19 U.S.C. § 1675c(d)(1) (strikeout portions indicating deleted text). With the deletion of the unconstitutional language, all "affected domestic producers" who are either petitioners or interested parties in an antidumping petition are eligible to be included on the ITC's list for CDSOA offset distributions. This subsection may otherwise be administered in the same manner as before.and a list of persons that indicate support of the petition by letter or through questionnaire response. In those cases in which a determination of injury was not required or the Commission's records do not permit an identification of those insupport ofa petition, the Commission shall consult with the administrating authority to determine the identity of the petitioner and those domestic parties. . . .
"Persons" shall be interpreted as including interested parties.See note 5.
C Damages
In its Complaint, Plaintiff originally sought to be added to the list of affected domestic producers pursuant to the CDSOA to be eligible for an offset distribution in fiscal year 2002. Complaint ¶¶ 1, 35. It alternatively sought in its prayer for relief damages in the amount of the offset distributions to which it would be entitled if it was determined to be eligible, whether from antidumping duties already distributed or still maintained in the general fund. Id. ¶ 13.
Plaintiff also sought a preliminary injunction enjoining Customs from "distributing, returning to the general fund, or otherwise transferring or disposing" of Chez Sidney's pro rata share of antidumping duties collected on crawfish tail meat from China in fiscal year 2002, which was denied by this court because of its failure to demonstrate irreparable harm. Plaintiff's Motion for Preliminary Injunction at 1; see PS Chez Sidney v. United States Int'l Trade Comm'n, Court No. 02-00635 (November 8, 2002) (Order denying Plaintiff's Motion for Preliminary Injunction).
Chez Sidney was denied CDSOA offset distributions and inclusion on the "affected producer" list by both Customs and the ITC for fiscal year 2002 because its final questionnaire response did not demonstrate the requisite support. Chez Sidney, 442 F. Supp. 2d at 1334-35. Those agency determinations were guided by an unconstitutional provision in the statute. With the support requirement now removed from the "affected domestic producer" definition, the grounds for Customs' and the ITC's decisions will not suffice. See SKF, 451 F. Supp. 2d at 1366.
Accordingly, Chez Sidney is eligible to be included on the ITC's list of "affected domestic producers" because it participated in the antidumping investigation of Freshwater Crawfish Tail Meat From the People's Republic of China; Initiation of Antidumping Investigation, 61 Fed. Reg. 54,154, 54,155 (October 17, 1996). The court remands this matter to both the ITC and Customs, respectively. First the ITC must determine if Chez Sidney meets all other requirements to qualify as an affected domestic producer. If it determines this question in the affirmative, then Customs shall assess the sufficiency of Chez Sidney's claim and, if appropriate, include it among the eligible producers for fiscal year 2002. If Chez Sidney has applied for offset distributions in subsequent fiscal years, the ITC and Customs shall redetermine as appropriate Chez Sidney's eligibility for distributions for those fiscal years. As in SKF, Customs is directed to determine how Chez Sidney shall receive its pro rata share, if any, of the 2002 CDSOA disbursements. See SKF, 451 F. Supp. 2d at 1366.
V Conclusion
This matter is remanded to the ITC and Customs to add Chez Sidney to the list of domestic producers eligible for CDSOA offset distributions for fiscal year 2002. The court holds that "support of," the unconstitutional language of the CDSOA, is hereby severed from the remainder of the statute.ORDER AND JUDGMENT
Upon consideration of Defendant's Motion for Rehearing ("Defendant's Motion"); the court having reviewed all pleadings and papers on file herein, and good cause appearing therefor, it is hereby
ORDERED that Defendant's Motion is GRANTED with regard to its request that the court vacate its certification on the issues of severability of the statute and damages, and DENIED with regard to its request for rebriefing; and it is further
ORDERED that this matter is remanded to the United States International Trade Commission and the United States Customs and Border Protection to redetermine PS Chez Sidney, L.L.C.'s eligibility for disbursements under the Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act, and to determine how Plaintiff shall receive its pro rata share, if eligible.