Opinion
A18A0549
06-01-2018
PROPES v. The STATE.
Debra Kay Jefferson, Lawrenceville, for Appellant. Daniel J. Porter, Lawrenceville, Ramona Toole Sakhanokho, for Appellee.
Debra Kay Jefferson, Lawrenceville, for Appellant.
Daniel J. Porter, Lawrenceville, Ramona Toole Sakhanokho, for Appellee.
Ellington, Presiding Judge.
A Gwinnett County jury found James Propes guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of a violation of OCGA § 16–5–60 (c), which prohibits certain conduct by HIV infected persons. Specifically, the jury found Propes guilty of, after obtaining knowledge of being infected with HIV, knowingly engaging in sexual intercourse without disclosing to the other person the fact of his being an HIV infected person prior to that intercourse. Following the denial of his motion for a new trial, Propes appeals, contending inter alia, that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction. For the reasons explained below, we reverse.
1. Propes contends that the State failed to present any laboratory test results or other evidence from which the jury could find that he was an HIV infected person under OCGA § 16–5–60. Based on this, Propes contends that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction.
"When an appellate court reviews the sufficiency of the evidence, the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." (Punctuation and footnote omitted.) Rodriguez v. State , 343 Ga. App. 526, 527, 806 S.E.2d 916 (2017). OCGA § 16–5–60 (c) provides, in pertinent part,
See also Jackson v. Virginia , 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979) ; Rankin v. State , 278 Ga. 704, 705, 606 S.E.2d 269 (2004).
A person who is an HIV infected person who, after obtaining knowledge of being infected with HIV[,] ... [k]nowingly engages in sexual intercourse ... and the HIV infected person does not disclose to the other person the fact of that infected person’s being an HIV infected person prior to that intercourse ... is guilty of a felony[. ]
We note that, although the Code Commission titled the Code section "Reckless conduct; HIV infected persons," the word "reckless" does not appear in the statute. A finding of recklessness is therefore not a separate essential element of the offense.
Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, the record shows that the State presented the following evidence at trial regarding whether, at the relevant time, Propes was an HIV infected person:
An investigator for the Hancock County, Indiana prosecutor’s office testified that in February 2012 he was investigating Propes for a case involving failure to warn regarding communicable disease. The investigator testified that his local jurisdiction required him to confirm the HIV status of a suspect before obtaining a warrant for failing to warn. The investigator testified that he sent a subpoena to the Indiana Department of Health for records regarding Propes. In response to his subpoena, the investigator received several documents: an "Affidavit of Custodian of Business Records" attesting that the other documents were made, kept, and used in the ordinary course of business of the Indiana Department of Health; an Adult HIV/AIDS Confidential Case Report issued by the Indiana Department of Health concerning Propes which indicated that he had an HIV infection, a "viral load" of 10,000,000, and a negative
"HIV antibody test[ ]" result for "HIV–1/HIV–2 combination EIA"; and two notices issued by HIV Care Coordination, a program of the Indiana Department of Health and signed by Propes in June and July 2012 that under Indiana duty to warn laws "one must notify sex ... partner(s) of his/her positive HIV or AIDS status prior to ... [e]ngaging in any sexual acts[.]" After reviewing those documents, the investigator applied for a warrant against Propes for failure to warn regarding communicable disease. During the investigator’s testimony, the trial court admitted the Indiana health department documents over Propes’s objections as State’s Exhibit 1.
An investigator for the Curry County, Oregon Sheriff’s Office testified that he arrested Propes for reckless endangerment and other charges in July 2012. During the investigator’s testimony, the trial court admitted over Propes’s objections the Curry County indictment and guilty pleas to reckless endangerment and attempted assault, which charged him with using bodily fluids containing Human Immunodeficiency Virus as a deadly weapon. No relevant lab reports were introduced during the investigator’s testimony.
The victim named in the indictment in this case testified that in July 2014 she and Propes had a relationship that included sexual intercourse on three occasions. During their sexual encounters, Propes did not wear a condom. The victim testified that he never told her that he was HIV-positive. The victim testified that she learned Propes was HIV-positive after the relationship, when she found two articles about him in an internet search. The victim went to the Gwinnett County Police Department and reported the offense.
A Gwinnett County investigator interviewed Propes. Propes told the investigator that he was HIV-positive and that he had been for about five years. He also admitted that he had sex with the victim, although he averred that it was only once and that he had worn a condom, that he did not tell her that he was HIV-positive, and that he knew he could get in trouble for failing to disclose his positive status to a sexual partner. There is no evidence of any HIV testing beyond that referenced by the investigator who testified about the Indiana arrest.
For purposes of defining the offense of prohibited conduct by an HIV infected person, OCGA § 16–5–60, in subsection (a), incorporates the definitions set out in Georgia’s Health Code in OCGA § 31–22–9.1, which defines "HIV infected person" as "a person who has been determined to be infected with HIV, whether or not that person has AIDS, or who has been clinically diagnosed as having AIDS." OCGA § 31–22–9.1 (a) (11). "Determined to be infected with HIV" means "having a confirmed positive HIV test or having been clinically diagnosed as having AIDS." OCGA § 31–22–9.1 (a) (7). "Confirmed positive HIV test" means "the results of at least two separate types of HIV tests, both of which indicate the presence of HIV in the substance tested thereby." OCGA § 31–22–9.1 (a) (5). And "HIV test" is defined as "any antibody, antigen, viral particle, viral culture, or other test to indicate the presence of HIV in the human body, which test has been approved for such purposes by the regulations of the department[,]" that is, the Department of Community Health (DCH). OCGA § 31–22–9.1 (a) (12). See also Rodriguez v. State , 343 Ga. App. at 529, 806 S.E.2d 916.
We note that the State has not alleged that Propes has been clinically diagnosed as having AIDS.
Reading these definitional sections together, we have held that the State is required to prove, among the other elements, that a defendant was determined to be infected with HIV by an HIV test approved for such purposes by the regulations of DCH. Id. at 529–530, 806 S.E.2d 916 ("[U]nder the uniform rule of strict construction, a penal statute can not be expanded by implication to include conduct or persons not explicitly identified in the statute.") (punctuation and footnote omitted). As in Rodriguez , the record in this case is devoid of any evidence that Propes was determined to be infected with HIV by an HIV test approved for such purposes by the regulations of DCH. See id. at 530, 806 S.E.2d 916 (The only evidence of the defendant’s HIV status was a one-page laboratory testing report that presented only "raw blood data and medical jargon" and did not purport to satisfy the regulations of DCH, the defendant’s postcoital admission to the victim that he was "HIV positive," and his later admission to investigators that he was HIV positive, neither of which addressed the type of testing done or the approval by DCH.). Id. at 530–531, 806 S.E.2d 916. In Rodriguez , we specifically noted that there was no evidence as to the nature of a lab report admitted by the State or the lab’s compliance with DCH regulations or licensing requirements and no testimony by "a physician or other competent witness to explain the test report; testify as to its origin, methodology, or meaning; or describe how it satisfie[d] the statutory criteria for demonstrating that a person is an HIV infected person under the definitions in OCGA § 31–22–9.1." (Punctuation omitted.) Id. Because the record in this case suffers from the same deficiencies, we conclude that the State failed to meet its burden to prove Propes’s HIV positive status under OCGA § 16–5–60. Rodriguez v. State , 343 Ga. App. at 531, 806 S.E.2d 916. 2. Propes’s remaining enumerated errors are moot.
See also Robin C. Larner, 18 Ga. Jur. Criminal Law § 9:7 (March 2018 update).
We note that the State argued on appeal that the evidence, specifically, the documents admitted as
State’s Exhibit number one, ... [,] Appellant’s confession as to knowing he was infected with HIV[,] as well as his previous plea of guilty in Oregon for similar behaviors were admitted for the jury’s consideration.... [T]he evidence clearly inculpates Appellant having being HIV infected, having knowledge of his HIV status and not notifying sexual partners of that status prior to engaging in sexual intercourse[.]
Although Rodriguez was decided after judgment was entered in this case, it was decided based on the plain meaning of OCGA §§ 16–5–60 and 31–22–9.1, the text of which has not changed in any pertinent way, and it did not constitute a substantive change in any existing case law regarding the essential elements of the offense of prohibited conduct by an HIV-infected person. See Ga. L. 2003, pp. 306–307 (Act No. 54, § 1); Ga. L. 2011, pp., 337, 345, 705, 745, 748 (Act No. 84, § 10, and Act No. 244, § 6–3); Ga. L. 2016, pp. 752–754 (Act No. 568, § 3). Accordingly, there is no issue regarding whether our decision in this case constitutes impermissible retroactive application of a change in the law after entry of judgment. See Hammond v. State , 289 Ga. 142, 143, 710 S.E.2d 124 (2011) ; Scott v. Hernandez–Cuevas , 260 Ga. 466, 466-467 (1), 396 S.E.2d 900 (1990).
Judgment reversed.
Bethel, J., and Senior Appellate Judge Herbert E. Phipps concur.