Opinion
No. 123, September Term, 1970.
Decided January 25, 1971.
APPEAL — Right Of Appeal In Cases Appealed From Municipal Court Of Baltimore City. Where defendant was first convicted in the Municipal Court of Baltimore City for unlawfully carrying a shotgun (with a barrel less than twelve inches in length) in his automobile and, after an appeal to the Criminal Court of Baltimore and a de novo hearing was again convicted for the same offense, his further appeal to the Court of Special Appeals, based upon a contention that the weapon had been unlawfully seized by police from the trunk of his car in violation of his Fourth Amendment right to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures, was authorized by statute. Code (1957), Art. 5, § 12A(6). p. 37
ARREST/SEARCH AND SEIZURE — Inventory Of Contents Of Motor Vehicle May Not Constitute Search In Constitutional Sense — Arrest Held Lawful — Seizure Of Shotgun From Trunk Of Vehicle Held Lawful. The making of an inventory of the contents of a motor vehicle by police officers following a lawful arrest of the owner or driver may not constitute a search in the constitutional sense where the evidence clearly shows that the making of such inventory was not a subterfuge to conduct an exploratory search but instead was a bona fide attempt to safeguard the owner of the inventoried property against loss. p. 38
Defendant's arrest was lawful, where the arresting officer had probable cause to believe that defendant was consuming alcoholic beverages in his presence while sitting in a parked car on a public street. p. 39
Seizure of a shotgun from the trunk of defendant's automobile was lawful, where such weapon had been found by police officers who, after arresting defendant for violation of an ordinance prohibiting the consumption of alcoholic beverages in a parked vehicle, found the ignition key stuck in the vehicle and then proceeded to inventory the contents of the vehicle prior to having it towed away. p. 39
WEAPONS — Unlawfully Carrying Shotgun — Evidence Sufficient To Sustain Conviction. There was sufficient evidence to sustain defendant's conviction for unlawfully carrying a shotgun (with a barrel less than twelve inches in length) in the trunk of his automobile, where it was shown that the gun was found in the trunk of his vehicle under circumstances from which it was properly inferable that the gun belonged to him and that he knew it was there. pp. 39-40
EVIDENCE — Judicial Notice — Of Municipal Ordinances. Municipal ordinances shall be judicially noticed. Code (1957), Art. 35, § 66A. p. 40
Appeal from the Criminal Court of Baltimore City (Ross, J.).
Robert Plitko was convicted in a non-jury trial of carrying a shotgun (with a barrel less than twelve inches in length) in his motor vehicle in violation of a Baltimore City ordinance, and, from the judgment entered thereon, he appeals.
Note: Certiorari denied, Court of Appeals of Maryland, May 3, 1971.
The cause was argued before MURPHY, C.J., and ANDERSON and POWERS, JJ.
Robert A. Sapero for appellant.
James L. Bundy, Assistant Attorney General, with whom were Francis B. Burch, Attorney General, Charles E. Moylan, Jr., State's Attorney for Baltimore City, and Hilary D. Caplan, Assistant State's Attorney for Baltimore City, on the brief, for appellee.
Appellant Plitko was convicted at a court trial of carrying a shotgun in his motor vehicle, having a barrel less than twelve inches in length, in violation of a Baltimore City Ordinance. He contends on appeal, as he did below, that the gun was unlawfully seized by police from the trunk of his car in violation of his Fourth Amendment right to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures.
See Baltimore City Code (1966 Edition), Article 19, Sections 81-86, inclusive.
Appellant was first convicted of the offense in the Municipal Court of Baltimore City and sentenced to one year imprisonment. He appealed to the Criminal Court of Baltimore and after a de novo hearing he was again convicted and the same sentence was imposed. His further appeal to this court is authorized by Maryland Code, Article 5, § 12A(6).
The evidence adduced at trial showed that on Sunday morning, June 1, 1969, at 2:40 a.m., Officer Clifford Wendricks had his attention called to two "loud" cars parked on a public street in Baltimore. Behind the wheel of one of the vehicles was appellant; with him were two men and two women. The other vehicle contained four male occupants. All of them appeared to be drinking beer in violation of a Baltimore City Ordinance making it a misdemeanor to consume alcoholic beverages in a motor vehicle parked on a public street. Officer Wendricks arrested all nine persons for violation of this ordinance. He ordered them out of the vehicles and "patted down" the male arrestees. Appellant was asked for, and produced, his vehicle registration card. Other officers, together with a paddy wagon, arrived on the scene in response to Wendricks's call for assistance. The interiors of both cars were searched. Several cases of beer were observed, together with a fifth of liquor and some wine. The trunk of appellant's vehicle was opened and searched; the incriminating shotgun was found therein, together with some shotgun shells and hunting clothing. After the searches were concluded, appellant and his companions were taken to the police station in the paddy wagon. Appellant's car was thereafter removed to an impounding lot by tow truck.
See Baltimore City Code (1969 Ed.), Article 19, § 18.
Officer Wendricks testified that he called the tow truck because appellant had been arrested, his car was illegally parked in a no parking zone, and "the ignition key was in the ignition and you couldn't get it out." Wendricks explained that "police policy and procedure" required him "to check the car and the trunk for valuables that are left in the car"; that he was required to take the valuables into custody "so they don't go to the impound lot where it has been known that things become missing."
Officer Gary Lembach, another of the arresting officers, testified that it was necessary to tow appellant's vehicle away because "we couldn't get the key out of the ignition and we certainly couldn't leave it there and be responsible for the automobile and the property contained therein." Under these circumstances, Lembach thought it necessary to search the vehicle and "itemize" the contents.
It is undisputed that the ignition key was stuck in the ignition and could not be removed; indeed, appellant so testified. The record also shows that the trunk key was removed from the key ring which contained the stuck ignition key; by this means the trunk was entered.
The lower court found that the arrest was lawful because the officer had probable cause to believe that appellant was committing, in his presence, the misdemeanor of unlawfully consuming alcoholic beverages on a public street. The court concluded, however, that the search of the trunk was neither incident to appellant's arrest, nor based upon probable cause to believe that the vehicle contained articles that the police were entitled to seize. Instead, the court held the seizure of the shotgun lawful on the ground that it was reasonable in the circumstances for the police to inventory the vehicle's contents in order to protect and safeguard the owner's property.
The maximum penalty for the offense is a $100.00 fine.
See Chambers v. Maroney, 399 U.S. 42, 26 L.Ed.2d 419; Middleton v. State, 10 Md. App. 18.
It has been held that the making of an inventory of the contents of a motor vehicle by police officers following a lawful arrest of the owner or driver may not constitute a search in the constitutional sense where the evidence clearly shows that the making of such inventory was not a subterfuge to conduct an exploratory search but instead was a bona fide attempt to safeguard the owner of the inventoried property against loss. See Mackall v. State, 7 Md. App. 246; Reagan v. State, 4 Md. App. 590; Kleinbart v. State, 2 Md. App. 183; St. Clair v. State, 1 Md. App. 605. We recognize in St. Clair that difficulty would be encountered in distinguishing a bona fide inventory from a mere subterfuge to search; we held, however, that the fact that abuses sometimes occur during the course of criminal investigations should not give a sinister coloration to procedures which are basically reasonable, it being for the trier of fact to see that no subterfuge is employed to undermine the constitutional protection afforded by the Fourth Amendment.
On the evidence before it, the lower court could properly find that the arresting officer had probable cause to believe that appellant was consuming alcoholic beverages in his presence while sitting in his parked car on a public street. However unusual it may be for a police officer to make a full custody arrest for this offense, the fact remains that he had a right to do so and that the arrest was lawful. See Johnson v. State, 8 Md. App. 187; Robinson v. State, 4 Md. App. 515. Left in possession of an illegally parked motor vehicle with the ignition keys stuck in the ignition, we cannot say, in the circumstances of this case, that the officers acted in violation of appellant's Fourth Amendment rights in inventorying the contents of appellant's car, including the trunk, prior to having the vehicle towed away.
Appellant suggests that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for "deadly weapon." The record shows that appellant was charged in the Municipal Court with violation of the Baltimore City Ordinance, that he so understood, and that the court convicted him of this offense upon the State's evidentiary showing that the shotgun was found in the trunk of appellant's car under circumstances from which it was properly inferable that the gun belonged to him and he knew it was there. The gun was introduced in evidence and was physically before the court when it returned its guilty verdict; no question was raised at the trial that the barrel was more than twelve inches in length. And while appellant urges that the ordinance under which he was convicted was not introduced in evidence, and, consequently, was not before the court, Maryland Code (1970 Cum. Supp.), Article 35, § 66A, provides that municipal ordinances "shall be judicially noticed." As indicated, we think it clear that the court convicted appellant with full knowledge of the substance of the ordinance under which he was charged.
Although introduced as an exhibit at trial, the gun was not included as part of the record on appeal.
Judgment affirmed.