Summary
In People v. Williams, in which the defendant had stated on the record at the plea proceeding that he was a United States citizen and the presentence investigation report had been in accord, there was no evidence on the record that the defendant was not a United States citizen.
Summary of this case from People v. UlanovOpinion
2018-01723 Ind. No. 129/16
12-24-2019
The PEOPLE, etc., Respondent, v. Deno WILLIAMS, also known as "G," Appellant.
DECISION & ORDER
ORDERED that the judgment is affirmed. The defendant's contention that he was deprived of the effective assistance of counsel is based, in part, on matter appearing on the record and, in part, on matter outside the record, and, thus, constitutes a "mixed claim of ineffective assistance" ( People v. Maxwell , 89 A.D.3d 1108, 1109, 933 N.Y.S.2d 386 ; see People v. Evans , 16 N.Y.3d 571, 575 n 2, 925 N.Y.S.2d 366, 949 N.E.2d 457 ). Since the defendant's claim of ineffective assistance cannot be resolved without reference to matter outside the record, a CPL 440.10 proceeding is the appropriate forum for reviewing the claim in its entirety, and we decline to review the claim on this direct appeal (see People v. Freeman , 93 A.D.3d 805, 806, 940 N.Y.S.2d 314 ; People v. Maxwell , 89 A.D.3d at 1109, 933 N.Y.S.2d 386 ).
The defendant further contends that his plea of guilty was involuntary because the County Court did not advise him of the possibility that he would be deported as a consequence of his plea (see generally People v. Peque , 22 N.Y.3d 168, 980 N.Y.S.2d 280, 3 N.E.3d 617 ). Under the circumstances of this case, where nothing in the record contradicts the defendant's statement made under oath, at the plea proceeding, that he was a citizen of the United States, or the information in the Department of Probation Presentence Investigation Report indicating that the defendant was a naturalized United States citizen, we reject the defendant's contention (see People v. Tull , 159 A.D.3d 1387, 1387–1388, 72 N.Y.S.3d 675 ). As the record is bereft of any evidence that the defendant is not a United States citizen, any issue relating to his citizenship status is not properly before us on his direct appeal. However, we take the opportunity to express our view that a trial court should not ask a defendant whether he or she is a United States citizen and decide whether to advise the defendant of the plea's deportation consequence based on the defendant's answer. Instead, a trial court should advise all defendants pleading guilty to felonies that, if they are not United States citizens, their felony guilty plea may expose them to deportation (see People v. Peque , 22 N.Y.3d at 197, 980 N.Y.S.2d 280, 3 N.E.3d 617 ). This recommendation is consistent with the Court of Appeals' pronouncement in Peque : "[T]o protect the rights of the large number of noncitizen defendants pleading guilty to felonies in New York, trial courts must now make all defendants aware that, if they are not United States citizens, their felony guilty pleas may expose them to deportation" ( id. [emphasis added]; see CPL 220.50[7] ; see also Padilla v. Kentucky , 559 U.S. 356, 130 S.Ct. 1473, 176 L.Ed.2d 284 ). Additionally, this recommendation is consistent with the legislature's pronouncement in CPL 220.50(7). Although that statute, deemed to be repealed September 1, 2020, indicates, in part, that "[t]he failure to advise the defendant pursuant to this subdivision shall not be deemed to affect the voluntariness of a plea of guilty or the validity of a conviction, nor shall it afford a defendant any rights in a subsequent proceeding relating to such defendant's deportation, exclusion or denial of naturalization[,]" it specifically provides, in part, that "[p]rior to accepting a defendant's plea of guilty to a count or counts of an indictment or a superior court information charging a felony offense, the court must advise the defendant on the record, that if the defendant is not a citizen of the United States, the defendant's plea of guilty and the court's acceptance thereof may result in the defendant's deportation, exclusion from admission to the United States or denial of naturalization pursuant to the laws of the United States" ( CPL 220.50[7] [emphasis added] ). Moreover, giving a "short, straightforward statement" ( People v. Peque , 22 N.Y.3d at 197, 980 N.Y.S.2d 280, 3 N.E.3d 617 ) regarding deportation will neither add significantly to the length of the plea proceeding nor encroach meaningfully on the trial court's discretion. Whether a defendant receives the Peque warning should not depend on the defendant having to acknowledge, on the record in open court, that he or she is not a United States citizen, particularly since eliciting noncitizen status may raise, in some cases, concerns of compelled self-incrimination (see U.S. Const Amend V ; NY Const, art 1, § 6 ).
LEVENTHAL, BRATHWAITE NELSON and CHRISTOPHER, JJ., concur.
DILLON, J.P., concurs, and votes to affirm the judgment, with the following memorandum:
I agree with my colleagues that the defendant's judgment of conviction should be affirmed.
Knowledge of one's own place of birth and/or citizenship is so basic that it has been considered to be pedigree information (see People v. Mondon , 129 Misc.2d 13, 18, 492 N.Y.S.2d 344 ; Matter of Beals , 40 Misc.3d 61, 971 N.Y.S.2d 385 ). Here, the defendant advised the County Court under oath during the plea proceeding that he was a citizen of the United States, and the trial judge had no reason to believe or suspect otherwise. In my view, if a defendant misinforms the court that he or she is a citizen of the United States, which is then relied upon by the court during sentencing, the defendant's conduct operates as a waiver of the right to receive immigration warnings under both People v. Peque, 22 N.Y.3d 168, 980 N.Y.S.2d 280, 3 N.E.3d 617 ) and CPL 220.50(7) (see People v. Tull , 159 A.D.3d 1387, 72 N.Y.S.3d 675 ; People v. Brazil , 123 A.D.3d 466, 467, 998 N.Y.S.2d 181 ).