Opinion
March 21, 1991
Appeal from the Supreme Court, New York County, Bell, J., Adlerberg, J.
At the suppression hearing, Police Officer Hayes testified that as he was driving westbound on 147th Street, he noticed a parked car missing its front license plate. Hayes asked defendant, who was in the driver's seat, for his vehicle identification papers. As defendant opened the door, Hayes saw the foregrip of a shotgun, partly covered by a shawl on the floor behind the driver's seat. Defendant and two passengers were arrested.
Police Officer Cardona read defendant Miranda warnings on route to the precinct. Defendant did not respond to Cardona's inquiry whether defendant was willing to answer questions, but during Cardona's conversation with another officer, defendant stated that the shotgun was not his. At the precinct, defendant waived his Miranda rights and gave a statement to Hayes in which he claimed he did not know a shotgun was in the car. A third statement was taken by Detective Grenawalt, who was investigating a homicide which happened in the area where defendant was arrested. Although Grenawalt did not ask defendant about the circumstances of his arrest, defendant made an inculpatory statement. Defendant admitted that he knew the shotgun was in the car. Furthermore, he admitted that he had driven from New Jersey into Manhattan with three others in order to rob drug dealers.
The credibility of the witnesses at the hearing was a matter for the hearing court to resolve, and its findings are entitled to great respect on appeal (People v Fonte, 159 A.D.2d 346, lv denied 76 N.Y.2d 734). Accordingly, there is no basis to disturb the hearing court's finding that there was a legitimate basis for approaching defendant's car to investigate the missing front license plate (People v Ingle, 36 N.Y.2d 413). Furthermore, Hayes' testimony, that he saw a portion of the shotgun in plain view, is not manifestly incredible.
In addition, defendant's three statements to the police were properly held admissible. Defendant's first statement to Officer Cardona was spontaneous (People v Lanahan, 55 N.Y.2d 711, 713). The second statement was admissible since it was taken after defendant waived his Miranda rights. Finally, contrary to defendant's contention, his third statement was not coerced.
Defendant also complains that the trial court committed numerous errors in its charge to the jury and in its response to jury requests during its deliberations. However, since counsel failed to raise timely objections to the court's charge, these issues are unpreserved for appellate review and we decline to review them in the interest of justice (CPL 470.05). In any case, defendant's contentions are meritless. First, since defendant did not present clear-cut evidence that the passenger in the rear was in exclusive possession of the shotgun, the court correctly charged the automobile presumption (Penal Law § 265.15; People v Lemmons, 40 N.Y.2d 505). Second, in responding to jury requests during deliberations, the court's instructions did not take away from the jury's consideration issue such as the rebuttable nature of the automobile presumption and the intent element in acting-in-concert. Although defendant complains that the court should not have instructed the jury that the law on renunciation was inapplicable, this instruction was based on the lack of evidence that there was an abandonment of any plan.
Finally, a reduction of defendant's sentence in the interest of justice is not warranted where defendant's long criminal history demonstrates his pattern of persistent violent criminal behavior.
Concur — Sullivan, J.P., Carro, Ellerin, Wallach and Ross, JJ.