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holding that "[a]n appellant may not merely announce his position and leave it to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis for his claims"
Summary of this case from People v. CulbersonOpinion
No. 218218.
Submitted November 15, 2000, at Detroit.
Decided May 4, 2001, at 9:05 a.m. Updated June 22, 2001.
Appeal from St. Clair Circuit Court, LC No. 98-003350-FC.
Jennifer M. Granholm, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, Peter R. George, Prosecuting Attorney, and Timothy K. Morris, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
State Appellate Defender (by Gary L. Rogers), for the defendant on appeal.
Before: Cavanagh, P.J., and Talbot, and Meter, JJ.
Defendant appeals as of right from his convictions by a jury of three counts of first-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC I), MCL 750.520b(1), one count of assault with intent to commit second-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520g(2), one count of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b(1), and one count of assault and battery, MCL 750.81. The court sentenced defendant as a second-offense habitual offender, MCL 769.10(1), to concurrent terms of imprisonment as follows: life for one CSC I conviction, twenty to eighty years each for the other two CSC I convictions, three to five years for the assault with intent to commit CSC II conviction, and ninety days for the assault and battery conviction. The court also sentenced defendant to the mandatory, consecutive two-year term of imprisonment for the felony-firearm conviction. We reverse and remand with respect to defendant's conviction and sentence for felony-firearm but affirm the remaining convictions and sentences.
Defendant's convictions arose out of three instances of abuse of his stepdaughter that occurred while she was eleven, twelve, and thirteen years old. The abusive incidents occurred in March 1997, June 1998, and September 1998. The assault with intent to commit CSC II conviction and the felony-firearm conviction related to the March 1997 incident. One of the CSC I convictions related to the June 1998 incident. The remaining two CSC I convictions, as well as the assault and battery conviction, related to the September 1998 incident.
Defendant committed the assault and battery against the sister of the sexual abuse victim. The term "victim" in this opinion refers to the sexual abuse victim.
I
Defendant first argues that the trial court erred by admitting into evidence a photograph and an enlargement purportedly showing the victim's naked buttocks. We review a trial court's evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion. People v Brownridge, 459 Mich. 456, 460; 591 N.W.2d 26 (1999), amended 459 Mich. 1276 (1999). An abuse of discretion exists if an unprejudiced person would find no justification for the ruling made. People v Rice (On Remand), 235 Mich. App. 429, 439; 597 N.W.2d 843 (1999).
Generally, all relevant evidence is admissible. MRE 402. Relevant evidence is "evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence." MRE 401. However, evidence of a person's character is not admissible to show that the person acted in conformity with that character on a particular occasion. MRE 404(a). Likewise, "evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts of an individual is inadmissible to prove a propensity to commit such acts." People v Crawford, 458 Mich. 376, 383; 582 N.W.2d 785 (1998); MRE 404(b)(1).
The rationale behind this rule "is the fear that a jury will convict the defendant inferentially on the basis of his bad character rather than because he is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crime charged." Crawford, supra at 384. However, MRE 404(b) does not preclude the use of other-acts evidence for other relevant purposes. People v Sabin (After Remand), 463 Mich. 43, 56; 614 N.W.2d 888 (2000). Rather, MRE 404(b) "permits the admission of evidence on any ground that does not risk impermissible inferences of character to conduct." People v Starr, 457 Mich. 490, 496; 577 N.W.2d 673 (1998). Thus, "the proffered evidence truly must be probative of something other than the defendant's propensity to commit the crime." Crawford, supra at 390 (emphasis in original). Some permissible uses of other-acts evidence are "proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, scheme, plan, or system in doing an act, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident when the same is material." See MRE 404(b)(1). This list, however, is not exhaustive. Sabin, supra at 56; Starr, supra at 496.
In People v VanderVliet, 444 Mich. 52, 74-75; 508 N.W.2d 114 (1993), amended 445 Mich. 1205 (1994), the Supreme Court adopted an approach to other-acts evidence articulated in Huddleston v United States, 485 U.S. 681, 691-692; 108 S.Ct. 1496; 99 L.Ed.2d 771 (1988), which employs the evidentiary safeguards already present in the rules of evidence. First, the prosecutor must offer the other-acts evidence for a permissible purpose, i.e., to show something other than the defendant's propensity to commit the charged crime. VanderVliet, supra at 74. Second, the evidence must be relevant to an issue or fact of consequence at trial. Id. Third, the trial court must determine whether the evidence is inadmissible under MRE 403, which provides that relevant evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Id. at 74-75. Additionally, the trial court, on request, may instruct the jury on the limited use of the evidence. Id. at 75.
In the instant case, defendant argues that the photograph of the victim's naked buttocks was inadmissible under MRE 404(b) because it was offered simply to show that defendant was a sexual pervert, which made it more likely that the victim's allegations of sexual abuse were true. Defendant argues that the evidence was not relevant for any permissible, non-propensity purpose and that the prejudicial impact of the evidence substantially outweighed any probative value it did have. The prosecutor argues that the evidence was relevant to show defendant's motive and intent toward the victim. The trial court, without articulating the basis for its ruling, admitted both the photograph and an 8x10 enlargement of it.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the photograph and the enlargement. The prosecutor offered the evidence to show motive and intent, and we agree that the photograph was admissible to show defendant's motive. In People v Hoffman, 225 Mich. App. 103, 106-107; 570 N.W.2d 146 (1997), the defendant was charged with assaulting his girlfriend with the intent to murder her, and two of the defendant's former girlfriends testified that the defendant had assaulted them and made statements about his hatred of women. The prosecutor offered the testimony to show that the defendant's assault on the current victim was motivated by his misogyny. This Court held that the other-acts evidence was admissible to show the defendant's motive. Id. at 109-110.
The Court noted that "[t]he distinction between admissible evidence of motive and inadmissible evidence of character or propensity is often subtle." Id. at 107. Evidence of past violent acts of a defendant, alone, would only establish that the defendant was a violent person who was thus more likely to have committed the charged violent crime. The Court reasoned that this would simply be evidence showing a propensity toward violence, which would be inadmissible. Id. at 107-108. However, evidence of past violent acts to show that the defendant hates women and had acted on that hatred in the past demonstrated more than the defendant's propensity toward violence — it was relevant to show the defendant's motive for the violent attack on the current victim. Id. at 109-110.
Likewise, evidence in the instant case that defendant had a sexual interest specifically in his stepdaughter would show more than simply his sexually deviant character — it would show his motive for sexually assaulting his stepdaughter. Thus, evidence that defendant carried a photograph of his stepdaughter's naked buttocks in his wallet had probative value to show that the victim's allegations were true. Defendant denied sexually assaulting his stepdaughter, but the other-acts evidence demonstrated that he had a motive to engage in sexual relations with her. "`A motive is the inducement for doing some act; it gives birth to a purpose.'" Sabin, supra at 67-68, quoting People v Kuhn, 232 Mich. 310, 312; 205 N.W. 188 (1925). The photograph was relevant to show defendant's inducement for having sexual relations with his stepdaughter.
This conclusion is not undermined by the Supreme Court's decisions in Sabin, supra and People v Engelman, 434 Mich. 204; 453 N.W.2d 656 (1990). In Sabin, supra at 47-50, the trial court admitted evidence that the defendant, who was charged with having sexual intercourse with his daughter, had previously performed oral sex on his stepdaughter on several occasions. The Supreme Court held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the other-acts evidence to show that the defendant employed a common scheme or plan in molesting the girls. Id. at 61-67. However, the Court cautioned against admitting evidence simply to show that a defendant has a "lustful disposition." Id. at 60-61. The Court held that the evidence that the defendant performed oral sex on his stepdaughter was not admissible to show his motive for having sexual intercourse with his daughter. Id. at 67-68. The prosecutor had argued that the other-acts evidence demonstrated the defendant's motive to have sexual relations with young girls who were related to him, which tended to prove that the alleged sexual assault against his daughter actually took place. Id. at 68. The Court rejected the prosecutor's argument, holding that "[t]o accept the prosecutor's theory of logical relevance would allow use of the evidence for the prohibited purpose of proving defendant's character to show that he acted in conformity therewith during the events underlying the charged offense." Id.
The prosecutor's theory of relevance in the instant case is similar to that in Sabin. The photograph showed that defendant had a motive to have sexual relations with his stepdaughter, which tended to prove that the alleged sexual assaults actually took place. However, in the instant case, the other-acts evidence involved the specific victim herself, not someone else, as in Sabin. Thus, the other-acts evidence showed more than defendant's propensity toward sexual deviancy; it showed that he had a specific sexual interest in his stepdaughter, which provided the motive for the alleged sexual assaults. Sabin is distinguishable.
Defendant argues that the photograph was inadmissible under Engelman, supra at 221. In Engelman, the defendant was charged with performing fellatio on a fifteen-year-old boy, and the trial court admitted into evidence a photograph showing the defendant standing nude with a young girl who was lifting her nightgown to expose herself. Id. at 207-211. The Supreme Court held that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the photograph because the prosecutor failed to establish a proper purpose for the evidence. Id. at 225. The asserted purpose for the photograph in Engelman was to show the defendant's scheme or plan in molesting young children. Id. at 218. The Court rejected this theory of relevance because it did not establish a true plan in committing the acts. Id. at 221. However, the Court stated that, under different circumstances, such a photograph could be relevant to show motive, which in turn could be probative evidence that the defendant committed the charged crime. Id. at 223. In the instant case, where the photograph was of the victim herself, the evidence was indeed relevant to show defendant's motive and was therefore admissible. This conclusion is reinforced by People v Scobey, 153 Mich. App. 82, 87; 395 N.W.2d 247 (1986), in which this Court perfunctorily held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting four nude photographs of the defendant's daughter that the defendant had taken, where the defendant was charged with sexually assaulting his daughter.
Additionally, the probative value of the photograph and the enlargement was not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. "The danger [MRE 403] seeks to avoid is that of unfair prejudice, not prejudice that stems only from the abhorrent nature of the crime itself." Starr, supra at 500. Defendant argues that the evidence was inflammatory because it showed that he was a pervert. However, the evidence had strong probative value because it tended to establish defendant's motive for committing the charged offenses, where defendant denied that they even occurred. Although the danger of prejudice existed, defendant has failed to show that it substantially outweighed the probative value of the evidence.
Defendant's objection to the enlargement is that it was an 8x10, instead of simply a 4x6 print. The enlargement was admitted to show the entire photograph, since the photograph found in defendant's wallet had been cropped. Defendant agreed that the jury should see the entire photograph, given that the cropped version was admitted. It was reasonable to provide the jury with an 8x10 instead of a small print. Defendant fails to demonstrate that the increased size of the enlargement presented any greater danger of unfair prejudice than a 4x6 print would present. Finally, although the trial court did not instruct the jury on the limited purpose for which the other-acts evidence was admitted, defendant did not request such an instruction.
As stated earlier, the trial court did not specify its reasoning for admitting the evidence; however, this Court should nonetheless affirm where the trial court reached the correct result. Messenger v Ingham Co Prosecutor, 232 Mich. App. 633, 643; 591 N.W.2d 393 (1988). We find no abuse of discretion.
Even if the trial court had abused its discretion by admitting the photograph and the enlargement, any error would have been harmless in light of the overwhelming evidence of defendant's guilt. See People v Lukity, 460 Mich. 484, 495-496; 596 N.W.2d 607 (1999) (an evidentiary error is not a basis for reversal unless "it is more probable than not that the error was outcome determinative").
II
Next, defendant argues that the trial court erroneously found the victim's seven-year-old brother, AK, competent to testify. We review a trial court's determination of the competency of a witness for an abuse of discretion. People v Breck, 230 Mich. App. 450, 457; 584 N.W.2d 602 (1998).
All witnesses are presumed to be competent to testify. People v Coddington, 188 Mich. App. 584, 597; 470 N.W.2d 478 (1991). MRE 601 governs witness competency and provides as follows:
Unless the court finds after questioning a person that the person does not have sufficient physical or mental capacity or sense of obligation to testify truthfully and understandably, every person is competent to be a witness except as otherwise provided in these rules.
The test of competency is thus whether the witness has the capacity and sense of obligation to testify truthfully and understandably. Breck, supra at 457. Where the trial court examines a child witness and determines that the child is competent to testify, "a later showing of the child's inability to testify truthfully reflects on credibility, not competency." Coddington, supra at 597.
Here, the record as a whole demonstrates that AK knew the difference between telling the truth and telling a lie and that he promised to tell the truth. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by holding that AK was competent to testify. Moreover, defense counsel expressly acknowledged that AK knew what telling the truth meant. This constituted a waiver of this issue that would extinguish any error even if the trial court had abused its discretion. People v Carter, 462 Mich. 206, 216; 612 N.W.2d 144 (2000).
Defendant's arguments below and on appeal focus on AK's difficulty in testifying and on the prosecutor's use of leading questions. Defendant argues that this effectively denied him the right to cross-examine AK, because the prosecutor was virtually putting words into AK's mouth. However, any difficulty AK displayed in remembering specific events or in testifying audibly relate to his credibility, not his competency. Coddington, supra at 597. Indeed, this Court has upheld the trial court's determination of competency where a child witness' testimony displayed confusion and contradiction, or even a reluctance to answer some questions. Id.; People v Jehnsen, 183 Mich. App. 305, 307-308; 454 N.W.2d 250 (1990); People v Cobb, 108 Mich. App. 573, 575-576; 310 N.W.2d 798 (1981).
Defendant's contention that he was denied his rights of confrontation and cross-examination is without merit. "The right of confrontation insures that the witness testifies under oath at trial, is available for cross-examination, and allows the jury to observe the demeanor of the witness." People v Frazier (After Remand), 446 Mich. 539, 543; 521 N.W.2d 291 (1994) (Brickley, J.). Although a defendant must be given the opportunity for cross-examination, the defendant has no constitutional right to a successful cross-examination. People v Chavies, 234 Mich. App. 274, 283; 593 N.W.2d 655 (1999). Thus, a defendant's right of confrontation is not denied even if the witness, on cross-examination, claims a lack of memory. Id. Here, defense counsel was able to cross-examine AK. For example, defense counsel elicited that AK remembered only "a little" about the events on his own. The prosecutor's use of leading questions did not deny defendant the ability to cross-examine AK.
Moreover, even if defendant's right of confrontation was denied, any error was harmless. Constitutional error is not a basis for reversal if the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Anderson (After Remand), 446 Mich. 392, 405-406; 521 N.W.2d 538 (1994). The factors to consider include "the importance of the witness' testimony, whether the testimony was cumulative, the presence or absence of evidence corroborating or contradicting the testimony of the witness, the extent of cross-examination otherwise permitted, and the overall strength of the prosecution's case." People v Kelly, 231 Mich. App. 627, 644-645; 588 N.W.2d 480 (1998). In this case, the substance of AK's testimony, which related to the September 1998 incident, was simply that the victim came into his room and got on a bed and that defendant came into the room and pushed the victim to the floor. AK did not know what happened after that. This testimony was cumulative of the testimony given by the victim and the victim's sister. AK's testimony added very little to the existing evidence involving the September 1998 incident, which was overwhelming. Any violation of defendant's right to confrontation was therefore harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
Defendant's argument that AK's testimony was more prejudicial than probative is also without merit. MRE 403 allows for relevant evidence to be excluded where the trial court determines that its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. However, defendant has failed to demonstrate that AK's testimony was prejudicial. Indeed, as noted above, AK's testimony added little to the prosecutor's case. In any event, any error would be rendered harmless by the other, overwhelming evidence of defendant's guilt.
III
Next, defendant argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct requiring reversal by (1) repeatedly using improper leading questions during direct examination of witnesses, (2) repeatedly relying on facts in her closing argument that were not in evidence, (3) improperly appealing to the jurors' sympathy for the victim, and (4) falsely accusing defense counsel of intentionally using misleading tactics. We review claims of prosecutorial misconduct case by case, examining the remarks in context, to determine whether the defendant received a fair and impartial trial. People v Bahoda, 448 Mich. 261, 266-267; 531 N.W.2d 659 (1995); People v Paquette, 214 Mich. App. 336, 342; 543 N.W.2d 342 (1995). However, defendant's unpreserved claims of prosecutorial misconduct are reviewed for plain error. People v Schutte, 240 Mich. App. 713, 720; 613 N.W.2d 370 (2000). In order to avoid forfeiture of an unpreserved claim, defendant must demonstrate plain error that was outcome determinative. People v Carines, 460 Mich. 750, 763; 597 N.W.2d 130 (1999). "No error requiring reversal will be found if the prejudicial effect of the prosecutor's comments could have been cured by a timely instruction." Schutte, supra at 721.
A. THE PROSECUTOR'S ALLEGED USE OF LEADING QUESTIONS
Defendant argues that the prosecutor repeatedly used leading questions in order to elicit desired testimony from witnesses and that the prosecutor's insistence on this tactic in the face of the trial court's admonitions demonstrates a pattern of intentional misconduct requiring reversal. We disagree.
Initially, we note that defendant cites no legal authority to support his claim that the prosecutor's use of leading questions constitutes misconduct requiring reversal. "An appellant may not merely announce his position and leave it to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis for his claims, nor may he give only cursory treatment [of an issue] with little or no citation of supporting authority." Kelly, supra at 640-641. Defendant's failure to cite any supporting legal authority constitutes an abandonment of this issue. Prince v MacDonald, 237 Mich. App. 186, 197; 602 N.W.2d 834 (1999).
Even if defendant had not abandoned this issue, we would nonetheless find no basis for reversal. Indeed, a considerable amount of leeway may be given to a prosecutor to ask leading questions of child witnesses. People v Kosters, 175 Mich. App. 748, 756; 438 N.W.2d 651 (1989). All but one of the questions defendant challenges on appeal were asked of the thirteen-year-old victim. Any leading was only to the extent necessary to develop her testimony. See MRE 611(c)(1).
Further, reversal is not required simply because leading questions were asked during trial. In order to warrant reversal, "it is necessary to show some prejudice or pattern of eliciting inadmissible testimony." People v White, 53 Mich. App. 51, 58; 218 N.W.2d 403 (1974). Where the defendant was not prejudiced by the leading questions, reversal is not required. Id. See also People v Hooper, 50 Mich. App. 186, 196; 212 N.W.2d 786 (1973) ("[T]his Court does not believe a case should be reversed merely because a few technically improper questions are asked. In fact, it is hard to find a trial where every question is exactly proper. In order to require a reversal some prejudice or patterns of eliciting inadmissible testimony must be shown."). In this case, defendant has not demonstrated prejudice. Thus, reversal is not required.
B. THE PROSECUTOR'S ALLEGED ARGUING OF FACTS NOT IN EVIDENCE
Defendant also claims that the prosecutor argued facts not in evidence and misled the jury regarding key scientific evidence. Although a prosecutor may not argue facts not in evidence nor mischaracterize the evidence presented, the prosecutor may argue reasonable inferences from the evidence. Bahoda, supra, 448 Mich. 282; People v Fisher, 220 Mich. App. 133, 156; 559 N.W.2d 318 (1996).
Defendant claims that it was improper for the prosecutor to remark during closing argument, "The Judge is going to tell you when we discuss dates, we discuss on or about because it's not uncommon for a child who's been molested to not be able to tell you the exact date." Defendant failed to object to the comment at trial; therefore, this issue is forfeited unless defendant demonstrates outcome-determinative plain error. Carines, supra at 763. Although no evidence was introduced to support the prosecutor's contention that child victims of sexual abuse often are unable to recall the exact date of the abuse, any error was not outcome determinative. Indeed, the prosecutor is not required to prove the exact date of a sexual assault offense. People v Naugle, 152 Mich. App. 227, 235; 393 N.W.2d 592 (1986).
Defendant also objects to the prosecutor's comment that the victim's complaint about the assault that occurred in March 1997 was not forwarded to the prosecutor's office for an independent review after the victim initially reported the assault to the police. However, contrary to defendant's argument, the prosecutor's comment was indeed based on the evidence presented during trial. Defendant called a police detective to testify that the victim recanted her allegation that defendant sexually assaulted her in March 1997. The prosecutor, on cross-examination of the detective, responded by eliciting testimony that the victim still insisted that defendant had struck her over the head with a gun in March 1997. The detective also admitted that he closed the complaint in 1997 without forwarding it to the prosecutor's office. The prosecutor properly mentioned this fact in an attempt to show why defendant had not been charged with assault in 1997.
Defendant also claims that the prosecutor improperly remarked on a laboratory report that was never admitted into evidence. Defendant did not object to this comment at trial. In any event, defendant's assertion is incorrect, because the laboratory report was indeed admitted into evidence on stipulation of the parties. The document not admitted, which defendant cites to support his argument, was a DNA evidence submission form. In objecting to the admission of that form, defense counsel expressly acknowledged that the laboratory report had been admitted into evidence. The prosecutor fairly commented on the report.
Defendant also claims that the prosecutor mischaracterized key scientific evidence by stating that defendant's DNA was found on a condom along with the victim's DNA and that the victim's DNA was also found on defendant's underwear. The prosecutor stated that the evidence showed "an absolute match between the DNA on the condom and Amanda's DNA and the Defendant's DNA." Defendant insists that DNA evidence does not provide an "absolute match" and that the most one can say is that a person's DNA type is consistent with the DNA type found on a piece of evidence. Although the prosecutor's expert witness did not testify with absolute certainty that both defendant's and the victim's DNA were found on the condom, he did testify as follows:
Well, as the, the DNA evidence showed, that [the victim's] DNA type matched one of the DNA types that was on the condom, as well as [defendant's] DNA type. Those, those two DNA types, those reference DNA types happen to match the DNA types that I found on the condom.
Also, although the witness did not testify with absolute certainty that the victim's DNA was found on defendant's underwear, he did testify, "When I compared the reference DNA types from [the victim] and [defendant], they matched the DNA, the mixture of DNA types that I found on the briefs." The witness also stated that the chance of the victim's DNA type occurring in the general population was one in seventeen million. The prosecutor was simply arguing the reasonable inference from this testimony — that both the defendant's and the victim's DNA matched the DNA found on the used condom and on defendant's underwear. The comments were proper.
C. THE PROSECUTOR'S ALLEGED APPEAL TO SYMPATHY FOR THE VICTIM
Defendant next argues that the prosecutor improperly appealed to the jury's sympathy for the victim. During her opening statement, the prosecutor commented as follows:
Members of the jury, in that darkness that Defendant attacked his stepdaughter . . . and he did something to her that no one should do to any other human being. He treated her in a way that no animal should be treated . . . .
Defendant objected, and the trial court cautioned the prosecutor that the comment "[m]ay be a little inflamed and I ask you to stay away from that sort of language." This is the only comment that defendant specifically claims was designed to elicit sympathy for the victim.
Appeals to the jury to sympathize with the victim constitute improper argument. People v Wise, 134 Mich. App. 82, 104; 351 N.W.2d 255 (1984). Defendant contends that the prosecutor's comment was an improper appeal to the jury to sympathize with the victim. In doing so, defendant cites People v Dalessandro, 165 Mich. App. 569, 581; 419 N.W.2d 609 (1988), in which the prosecutor commented that the victim's injuries "shouldn't happen to a dog, let alone a ten month old baby." This Court in Dalessandro held that the prosecutor improperly appealed to the jury's sympathy by repeatedly referring to "the poor innocent baby." Id. In the instant case, by contrast, the prosecutor's comment was isolated, she did not blatantly appeal to the jury's sympathy, and the comment was not so inflammatory as to prejudice defendant. See People v Mayhew, 236 Mich. App. 112, 123; 600 N.W.2d 370 (1999). Further, the trial court instructed the jury to not be influenced by sympathy or prejudice. Under these circumstances, defendant was not prejudiced by the prosecutor's comment, and reversal is accordingly not required.
D. THE PROSECUTOR'S ALLEGED ATTACK ON DEFENSE COUNSEL
Finally, defendant argues that the prosecutor improperly accused defense counsel of intentionally using misleading tactics when the prosecutor commented as follows:
Members of the jury, I know you are probably anxious to get started on your deliberations, but there were a lot of things that Defense Counsel addressed that I have got to respond to. Because the fact of the matter is, members of the jury, apparently the defense in this case is to distract you, make you look over here. Don't pay any attention to the evidence, just look over here, and don't pay any attention to the truth.
You've heard the term "red herrings in the school of blue fish." When the school of blue fish is going beside — behind you or beside you, you're going to be attracted to the red herring. You just had the whole boatload of red herrings thrown at you, and it didn't change the truth. Create an issue by asking the question, I believe is this defense.
Defendant did not object to this remark; therefore, defendant must demonstrate outcome-determinative plain error in order to avoid forfeiture of this issue. Carines, supra at 763.
A prosecutor may not suggest that defense counsel is intentionally attempting to mislead the jury. Dalessandro, supra at 580. Here, the prosecutor's comments did suggest that defense counsel was trying to distract the jury from the truth. However, the prosecutor's comments must be considered in light of defense counsel's comments. People v Messenger, 221 Mich. App. 171, 181; 561 N.W.2d 463 (1997). "[A]n otherwise improper remark may not rise to an error requiring reversal when the prosecutor is responding to the defense counsel's argument." People v Kennebrew, 220 Mich. App. 601, 608; 560 N.W.2d 354 (1996). The prosecutor's comments here were made in rebuttal to defense counsel's closing argument, in which counsel emphasized discrepancies between the various accounts of the events and then stated as follows:
So we have that unexplained delay depending on whose story you believe. But again they — the Prosecution wants you to just pick one. I, I mean, these are terrible crimes, folks. This guy's a scumbag. He's kept this poor girl in darkness. Pick one. We don't care which one. We're not going to prove one all the way through. We know that you're so offended — as any normal person would be — by the activity we're alleging, we don't care which one you pick, just pick one. Pick any one, and say he's guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
Thus, defense counsel suggested that the prosecutor was not concerned about the truth of the events but simply wanted the jury to pick any story and convict defendant simply because the crimes alleged were terrible. It was not improper for the prosecutor to respond by emphasizing the truth of the big picture, despite defense counsel's attempts to find discrepancies between the testimony of various witnesses. Reversal is not required, especially in light of defendant's failure to object.
E. THE CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF THE ALLEGED PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT
Defendant claims that the cumulative effect of the various instances of alleged prosecutorial misconduct requires reversal. The key test in evaluating claims of prosecutorial misconduct is whether the defendant was denied a fair and impartial trial. Bahoda, supra at 266-267. As discussed supra, the prosecutor's comments did not deny defendant a fair and impartial trial. Reversal is unwarranted.
IV
Finally, defendant claims that his felony-firearm conviction, which related to the March 1997 incident, must be reversed. Defendant notes that the trial court incorrectly charged the jurors by telling them first that the predicate offense for the felony-firearm charge was assault with intent to commit CSC II and subsequently telling them that the predicate offense was CSC I. Defendant further notes that the information specified CSC I as the predicate offense, and he contends because there was insufficient evidence of CSC I relating to the March 1997 incident, the felony-firearm conviction must be vacated. We agree that the felony-firearm conviction was supported by insufficient evidence.
When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction, this Court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecutor and determine whether a rational trier of fact could find that the essential elements of the crime were proved beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Wolfe, 440 Mich. 508, 515; 489 N.W.2d 748, amended 441 Mich. 1201 (1992).
The felony-firearm information charged that defendant, in March 1997, possessed a rifle during the commission of CSC I. The evidence relating to the March 1997 incident demonstrated that defendant threatened to kill the victim if she did not remove her underwear. When she refused, defendant hit her over the head with the stock of a rifle, causing her to pass out. When the victim awoke, she was on her bed with her underwear off. A month later, when she reported the incident to the police, a physical examination revealed that she did not have a hymenal ring, which indicated that she may have been sexually penetrated sometime in the past. There was no evidence, however, that the victim had been penetrated during the March 1997 incident. Although circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences drawn from it may be sufficient to prove the elements of a crime, see People v Jolly, 442 Mich. 458, 466; 502 N.W.2d 177 (1993), the most that can be inferred from the evidence in this case is that defendant removed the victim's underwear after she passed out and therefore attempted to commit some type of sexual assault on her. It cannot be inferred that defendant penetrated her. Indeed, defendant was charged with and convicted of assault with intent to commit CSC II with regard to this incident, presumably because the evidence did not support a finding of penetration to support a CSC I conviction. Thus, even considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecutor, the evidence was not sufficient to allow a rational trier of fact to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant sexually penetrated the victim in March 1997. Wolfe, supra at 515. Therefore, defendant's felony-firearm conviction was not supported by sufficient evidence.
We must now address the question of the appropriate remedy. When a conviction is not supported by sufficient evidence, retrial on the identical charge is prohibited by the Double Jeopardy Clause. US Const, Am V; Burks v United States, 437 U.S. 1, 18; 98 S.Ct. 2141; 57 L.Ed.2d 1 (1978); People v Murphy, 416 Mich. 453, 467; 331 N.W.2d 152 (1982). See also People v Hunter, 209 Mich. App. 280, 285; 530 N.W.2d 174 (1995) (vacating the defendant's conviction because the evidence to support it was legally insufficient and remanding for entry of a conviction on a lesser offense). We note, however, that in People v Johnson, 206 Mich. App. 122, 125; 520 N.W.2d 672 (1994), this Court held that if a conviction is not supported by sufficient evidence, "the appropriate remedy is to remand for entry of a conviction on the lesser included offense and for resentencing, with the prosecutor having the option to retry the defendant on the original charge if additional evidence is discovered to support it." A later panel in People v Randolph, 242 Mich. App. 417, 421, 423; 619 N.W.2d 168 (2000), relied on Johnson in making a similar statement. See MCR 7.215(H)(1) (providing that published opinions of this Court issued on or after November 1, 1990 are binding on other panels of this Court).
Johnson, however, misstated the law. In holding that a prosecutor can retry a defendant on a charge not supported by sufficient evidence if additional evidence is discovered to support it, Johnson relied on People v Kamin, 405 Mich. 482, 501; 275 N.W.2d 777 (1979), overruling in part by People v. Beach, 429 Mich. 450; 418 N.W.2d 861 (1988), as recognized in People v Hendricks, 446 Mich. 435 (1994), and People v Gridiron, 185 Mich. App. 395, 404; 460 N.W.2d 908 (1990), on reh 190 Mich. App. 366 (1991), amended 439 Mich. 880 (1991). Both Kamin and Gridiron, however, involved the trial court's erroneous refusal to instruct on a requested lesser-included offense instruction; they did not involve instances of insufficient evidence. Clear authority from both the United States Supreme Court and the Michigan Supreme Court holds that double jeopardy bars retrial on a charge for which a reviewing court concludes that the associated conviction was not supported by legally sufficient evidence. Burks, supra at 18; Murphy, supra at 467. Indeed, "affording the prosecution another opportunity to supply evidence which it failed to muster in the first proceeding" is the chief evil against which the Double Jeopardy Clause protects. Burks, supra at 11.
As noted earlier, MCR 7.215(H)(1) provides that published opinions of this Court issued on or after November 1, 1990 are binding on other panels of this Court. Nevertheless, we need not follow the erroneous remedy set forth in Johnson and followed in Randolph. Indeed, this Court is bound by decisions of the Michigan Supreme Court, see People v Beasley, 239 Mich. App. 548, 556; 609 N.W.2d 581 (2000), and by decisions of the United States Supreme Court on federal questions. People v Riggs, 223 Mich. App. 662, 675 (Smolenski, J.), 716 (R.R. Lamb, J.); 568 N.W.2d 101 (1997). Accordingly, we hold that the prosecutor may not retry defendant on the identical felony-firearm charge that we vacate today.
We note that in Johnson and Randolph, even though the defendants' convictions were not supported by sufficient evidence, there were lesser-included offenses charged to the jury that were in fact supported by sufficient evidence. Johnson, supra at 125-126; Randolph, supra at 421-422. Accordingly, the Johnson and Randolph panels, while incorrectly stating that the prosecutor could elect to retry the defendant on the original charges, did correctly remand the cases for entry of a conviction on the lesser-included offenses. Johnson, supra at 125-126; Randolph, supra at 421-423. Here, there was no lesser-included offense for which we can remand for entry of a conviction.
There is, however, another remedy. In Parker v Norris, 64 F.3d 1178, 1180 (CA 8, 1995), the defendant was originally convicted of capital felony-murder. The Arkansas Supreme Court reversed the conviction because the killings were not committed during the course of an independent felony. Id. The defendant was then retried and convicted of premeditated capital murder, under a different subsection of the same statute. Id. at 1180-1181. In his second appeal, the defendant, relying on Burks, supra at 18, argued that his trial for premeditated murder was prohibited by the Double Jeopardy Clause. Parker, supra at 1180-1181.
The eighth circuit held that the second trial did not violate double jeopardy principles because the reversal of the first conviction resulted not from a true deficiency of evidence to support a capital murder conviction but rather from the prosecutor's issuance of an inappropriate indictment. Id. at 1181-1182. In reaching this conclusion, the court discussed the United States Supreme Court case of Montana v Hall, 481 U.S. 400; 107 S.Ct. 1825; 95 L.Ed.2d 354 (1987):
That brings us to Montana v Hall, 481 U.S. 400; 107 S.Ct. 1825; 95 L.Ed.2d 354 (1987), a case the district court found dispositive. The Montana Supreme Court had reversed defendant's conviction of incest, and barred his retrial on double jeopardy grounds, because the incest statute did not apply to sexual assaults against stepchildren. The Supreme Court reversed, concluding that the Double Jeopardy Clause did not bar retrial on the different charge of sexual assault because the state court's reversal was "on grounds unrelated to guilt or innocence." "[T]he State simply relied on the wrong statute. . . . It is clear that the Constitution permits retrial after a conviction is reversed because of a defect in the charging instrument." Hall, supra at 403-04.
Parker argues that Hall can be disregarded as "a weird fact-based variance from double jeopardy jurisprudence." We disagree. Almost a century ago, the Supreme Court held that the Double Jeopardy Clause does not bar retrial of a defendant whose first conviction was reversed because of a legally defective indictment. United States v Ball, 163 U.S. 662, 671-72; 16 S.Ct. 1192; 41 L.Ed. 300 (1896). In Burks itself, the Supreme Court commented, "We have no doubt that Ball was correct in allowing a new trial to rectify trial error." Burks, supra at 14 (emphasis in original). Thus, the district court correctly proceeded to determine whether Parker's first conviction was reversed because of a "defect in the charging instrument," as in Hall, or because of an evidentiary insufficiency equivalent to a verdict of acquittal, as in Burks. See United States v Todd, 964 F.2d 925, 929 (CA 9, 1992); United States v Davis, 873 F.2d 900, 903-06 (CA 6, 1989). [ Parker, supra at 1181-1182.]
Here, our reversal is based, in essence, on a "defect in the charging instrument." Indeed, the complaint and warrant alleged that defendant committed CSC I and felony-firearm associated with CSC I with respect to the March 1997 incident. The information, however, charged defendant with assault with intent to commit CSC II and with felony-firearm associated with CSC I with respect to the March 1997 incident. Evidently, before defendant was arraigned in circuit court, the prosecutor or examining magistrate determined that there was insufficient evidence to support a CSC I conviction with respect to the March 1997 incident, and thus an information was filed charging defendant instead with assault with intent to commit CSC II. Notwithstanding this, the information was not amended to list assault with intent to commit CSC II as the predicate offense for the felony-firearm charge. If the prosecutor had amended the felony-firearm information in this manner, then a felony-firearm conviction would have been supported by sufficient evidence. Indeed, there was clear evidence that during the March 1997 incident, defendant possessed a rifle while committing assault with intent to commit CSC II. Accordingly, there was no "evidentiary insufficiency equivalent to a verdict of acquittal" in this case; instead, there was a defect in the charging instrument. See id. at 1182. Retrial using the appropriate charge is therefore appropriate.
As stated by the district court in Parker:
Hall, therefore, at least means this: If the state convicts a defendant under the wrong statute (that is, a statute that does not encompass the defendant's otherwise criminal conduct), and that conviction is overturned on appeal, the Double Jeopardy Clause does not forbid retrial under the correct statute (that is, the statute that makes such conduct criminal), so long as there is sufficient evidence to convict under that statute. [ Parker v Lockhart, 797 F. Supp. 718, 725 (E.D. Ark, 1992), reversed on other grounds 64 F.3d 1178 (1995).]
Here, because the prosecutor listed the wrong statute as the predicate offense for defendant's felony-firearm charge, but because there is sufficient evidence to convict defendant of felony-firearm using a different predicate offense, retrial using the applicable predicate offense is permitted. Accordingly, we remand this case for retrial using an appropriate felony-firearm charge.
In light of our disposition of defendant's felony-firearm conviction, we need not address defendant's argument that the trial court's instructions with regard to the felony-firearm charge were erroneous.
Defendant's conviction and sentence for felony-firearm are reversed, but the remaining convictions and sentences are affirmed. Remanded for a new trial on felony-firearm. We do not retain jurisdiction.