Opinion
April 2, 1990
Appeal from the County Court, Westchester County (Rosato, J.).
Ordered that the judgments are affirmed.
The defendant was convicted in connection with the armed robbery of a taxicab driver on February 9, 1986, and the attempted armed robbery and murder of a taxicab driver on February 10, 1986, after a joint trial. The defendant argues that the court erred in failing to charge that certain witnesses were accomplices as a matter of law so that their testimony required corroboration. We disagree. Different inferences may reasonably have been drawn from the evidence regarding complicity of the defendant's girlfriend, Jenny Reyes, and her 14-year-old son. Reyes called the taxicabs and arranged for a pickup of the defendant. Her son accompanied the defendant on February 10. As innocent explanations could reasonably be drawn from the evidence, the issue of their status as accomplices was a question for the jury (see, CPL 60.22; People v. Ortiz, 143 A.D.2d 851; People v. Jeffries, 122 A.D.2d 281).
In addition, there is no evidence suggesting that the defendant's friend, Mildred Thomas, was in any way a participant in the February 10th robbery attempt. None of her actions after the fact, such as subsequently possessing or trying to sell the gun the defendant used, could lead to an inference of complicity, as she was not involved in the preparation for the crime (see, People v. Smith, 110 A.D.2d 669, revd on other grounds 68 N.Y.2d 737; People v. Corrigan, 139 A.D.2d 918, 919; People v. Torello, 94 A.D.2d 857; cf., People v. Vataj, 69 N.Y.2d 985). An accessory after the fact is not an accomplice for the purpose of the corroboration requirement (see, People v. Vataj, 121 A.D.2d 756, 758, revd on other grounds 69 N.Y.2d 985, supra). Her actions were not in furtherance of the defendant's crime and did not constitute an independent offense (see, CPL 60.22; cf., People v. Sawyer, 107 A.D.2d 1045). Thus, the court acted properly in refusing to submit the question to the jury.
Nonetheless, the court did err in splitting the accomplice analysis with regard to the acts of February 10, 1986, charging that the jury could only consider the witnesses to have been accomplices to the attempted robbery, and not the murder (see, People v. Cona, 49 N.Y.2d 26, 36). The attempted robbery charge was the underlying felony supporting the felony murder charge so that the court could not separate the issue of Reyes's and Saez's complicity in the attempted robbery from the felony murder. However, as discussed above, Thomas was not an accomplice with regard to the events of February 10th and she fully corroborated the testimony of Reyes and Saez. Thus, any error in the court's accomplice charge was harmless (see, People v. Crimmins, 36 N.Y.2d 230, 241-242; People v. Pyne, 125 A.D.2d 720; People v. Sawyer, supra). Similarly, any error in failing to charge that Reyes was an accomplice to the February 9, 1986, robbery as a matter of law, was harmless, as Reyes's testimony was corroborated by the testimony of the victim.
We have considered the defendant's remaining contentions and find them to be without merit. Thompson, J.P., Brown, Rubin and Eiber, JJ., concur.