Opinion
248 KA 10-01027
05-08-2015
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Jason D. SMITH, Defendant–Appellant.
Cara A. Waldman, Fairport, for Defendant–Appellant. Sandra Doorley, District Attorney, Rochester (Leah R. Mervine of Counsel), for Respondent.
Cara A. Waldman, Fairport, for Defendant–Appellant.
Sandra Doorley, District Attorney, Rochester (Leah R. Mervine of Counsel), for Respondent.
PRESENT: SMITH, J.P., CARNI, SCONIERS, AND VALENTINO, JJ.
Opinion
MEMORANDUM:Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him upon a jury verdict of robbery in the first degree (Penal Law § 160.15[4] ) and robbery in the second degree (§ 160.10[1] ). The charges stemmed from the gunpoint robbery of the victim by two perpetrators. Contrary to defendant's contention, the police had reasonable suspicion to stop and detain him for a showup identification based upon the totality of the circumstances, including the victim's 911 call, which provided a general description of the perpetrators, the proximity of defendant to the site of the crime, the brief period of time between the crime and the discovery of defendant near the location of the crime, and a police officer's observation of defendant, who matched the 911 call description (see People v. Owens, 39 A.D.3d 1260, 1261, 836 N.Y.S.2d 385, lv denied 9 N.Y.3d 849, 840 N.Y.S.2d 775, 872 N.E.2d 888 ; People v. Evans, 34 A.D.3d 1301, 1302, 825 N.Y.S.2d 617, lv. denied 8 N.Y.3d 845, 830 N.Y.S.2d 704, 862 N.E.2d 796 ). Contrary to the further contention of defendant, the conduct of the police in detaining and transporting him to the crime scene in handcuffs did not constitute a de facto arrest (see Owens, 39 A.D.3d at 1261, 836 N.Y.S.2d 385 ). We reject defendant's contention that he was denied effective assistance of counsel because his counsel did not seek a Dunaway hearing. Initially, we note that the failure to request a particular hearing, in and of itself, does not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel (see People v. Rivera, 71 N.Y.2d 705, 709, 530 N.Y.S.2d 52, 525 N.E.2d 698 ; People v. Perea, 27 A.D.3d 960, 961, 812 N.Y.S.2d 673 ). More specifically, the failure to move for a Dunaway hearing is not ineffective assistance “where, as here, such endeavor was potentially futile” (People v. Jackson, 48 A.D.3d 891, 893, 851 N.Y.S.2d 677, lv. denied 10 N.Y.3d 841, 859 N.Y.S.2d 400, 889 N.E.2d 87 ; see People v. Creech, 183 A.D.2d 777, 777, 583 N.Y.S.2d 509, lv. denied 80 N.Y.2d 902, 588 N.Y.S.2d 828, 602 N.E.2d 236 ).
We reject defendant's further contention that the trial evidence established that the showup identification was rendered unduly suggestive by the transporting officer's remark to the victim that a suspect was in custody inasmuch as that remark “conveyed [only] what a witness of ordinary intelligence would have expected under the circumstances” (People v. Williams, 15 A.D.3d 244, 246, 789 N.Y.S.2d 155, lv. denied 5 N.Y.3d 771, 801 N.Y.S.2d 266, 834 N.E.2d 1275 ; see People v. Rodriguez, 64 N.Y.2d 738, 740–741, 485 N.Y.S.2d 976, 475 N.E.2d 443 ). We further conclude that the victim's observation of defendant being removed from a patrol car, and the fact that defendant was handcuffed, did not render the showup unduly suggestive as a matter of law (see People v. Boyd, 272 A.D.2d 898, 899, 709 N.Y.S.2d 269, lv. denied 95 N.Y.2d 850, 714 N.Y.S.2d 1, 736 N.E.2d 862 ; People v. Aponte, 222 A.D.2d 304, 304–305, 636 N.Y.S.2d 13, lv. denied 88 N.Y.2d 980, 649 N.Y.S.2d 386, 672 N.E.2d 612 ). We likewise reject defendant's contention that his counsel was ineffective by failing to move to reopen the Wade hearing based on trial evidence (see Creech, 183 A.D.2d at 777, 583 N.Y.S.2d 509 ). Such a motion had little or no chance of success (see People v. Dark, 122 A.D.3d 1321, 1322, 996 N.Y.S.2d 830 ; People v. Stafford, 215 A.D.2d 212, 212–213, 626 N.Y.S.2d 763, lv. denied 86 N.Y.2d 784, 631 N.Y.S.2d 630, 655 N.E.2d 727 ). Contrary to defendant's further contention, the People established an independent basis for the in-court identification of defendant by the victim. The victim was familiar with defendant, having seen him in the neighborhood on numerous prior occasions (see People v. Fountaine, 8 A.D.3d 1107, 1108, 778 N.Y.S.2d 249, lv. denied 3 N.Y.3d 706, 785 N.Y.S.2d 33, 818 N.E.2d 675 ). We reject defendant's contention that he was deprived of effective assistance of counsel because defense counsel failed to call an expert witness to testify on the subject of eyewitness identification (see People v. Stanley, 108 A.D.3d 1129, 1130, 970 N.Y.S.2d 136, lv. denied 22 N.Y.3d 959, 977 N.Y.S.2d 190, 999 N.E.2d 555 ). We conclude that defendant has not demonstrated “the absence of strategic or other legitimate explanations for counsel's alleged shortcomings” (People v. Benevento, 91 N.Y.2d 708, 712, 674 N.Y.S.2d 629, 697 N.E.2d 584 [internal quotation marks omitted] ). Viewing the evidence, the law and the circumstances of this case, in totality and as of the time of the representation, we further conclude that defendant received meaningful representation (see People v. Baldi, 54 N.Y.2d 137, 147, 444 N.Y.S.2d 893, 429 N.E.2d 400 ).
Defendant failed to preserve for our review his contention that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the conviction inasmuch as his motion for a trial order of dismissal was not “ ‘specifically directed’ at the alleged error[s]” asserted on appeal (People v. Gray, 86 N.Y.2d 10, 19, 629 N.Y.S.2d 173, 652 N.E.2d 919 ), and we decline to exercise our power to review that contention as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice (see CPL 470.15[6][a] ). Contrary to defendant's contention, viewing the evidence in light of the elements of the crimes as charged to the jury (see People v. Danielson, 9 N.Y.3d 342, 349, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1 ), we conclude that the verdict is not against the weight of the evidence (see generally People v. Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672 ).
We reject the further contention of defendant that he was deprived of his right to a fair trial by prosecutorial misconduct during summation. Initially, we note that County Court sustained defense counsel's objection to the prosecutor's remark that defendant “does not challenge” the victim's testimony that two persons were involved in the robbery, and the court gave a curative instruction. Defendant did not thereafter request further curative instructions or move for a mistrial, and thus failed to preserve for our review his present contention that the prosecutor's remark deprived him of a fair trial (see CPL 470.05[2] ; People v. Norman, 1 A.D.3d 884, 884, 767 N.Y.S.2d 728, lv. denied 1 N.Y.3d 599, 776 N.Y.S.2d 231, 808 N.E.2d 367 ). We decline to exercise our power to review that contention as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice (see CPL 470.15[6][a] ). We reject defendant's further contention that during summation the prosecutor “vouched” for one of the People's witnesses. An argument by counsel, based upon the record evidence and reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, that his or her witnesses have testified truthfully is not vouching for their credibility (see People v. Bailey, 58 N.Y.2d 272, 277, 460 N.Y.S.2d 912, 447 N.E.2d 1273 ; cf. United States v. Spinelli, 551 F.3d 159, 168–169, cert. denied 558 U.S. 939, 130 S.Ct. 230, 175 L.Ed.2d 243 ; United States v. Rivera, 22 F.3d 430, 437–438 ).
Finally, defendant's sentence is not unduly harsh or severe.
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed.