Opinion
2013-12-17
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Torrel SMITH, Appellant.
The Legal Aid Society of Westchester County, White Plains (Salvatore A. Gaetani and John F. Ryan of counsel), for appellant. Janet DiFiore, District Attorney, White Plains (Maria I. Wager, Steven A. Bender and Richard Longworth Hecht of counsel), for respondent.
The Legal Aid Society of Westchester County, White Plains (Salvatore A. Gaetani and John F. Ryan of counsel), for appellant. Janet DiFiore, District Attorney, White Plains (Maria I. Wager, Steven A. Bender and Richard Longworth Hecht of counsel), for respondent.
OPINION OF THE COURT
SMITH, J.
We held in People v. Huertas, 75 N.Y.2d 487, 554 N.Y.S.2d 444, 553 N.E.2d 992 (1990) that a crime victim could testify to her own description of her attacker, given to the police shortly after the crime. We now hold that a police officer's testimony to a victim's description, where it does not tend to mislead the jury, may also be admissible under the Huertas rule.
I
Defendant was convicted of robbing Hector Velez. A video recording that shows Velez being robbed by two men was admitted into evidence, but the face of the man alleged to be defendant does not appear clearly on the video. Velez identified defendant at trial as one of the robbers and also testified, without objection, to a description he had given the police on the night of the crime of a black man “about 5'6, short hair, round face, thick eyebrows” and wearing a white shirt. The description fits defendant, but in the video the man alleged to be defendant is wearing a blueish-gray shirt. Velez testified that, before he saw the video, he realized that his description of the shirt was in error, and corrected it.
Two police officers also testified, over objection, that Velez had given a description on the night of the crime. The officers' accounts of the description were brief, and consistent with Velez's. One said that Velez had described a man “between 5'6 to 5'7 in height wearing shorts and ... a white T-shirt.” The other said only that Velez had described “a short black male, dark skinned.”
On appeal to the Appellate Division, defendant argued that the officers' testimony had improperly bolstered that of Velez. The Appellate Division affirmed, holding that this argument was unpreserved and, as an alternative holding, that it failed on the merits ( People v. Smith, 95 A.D.3d 1145, 944 N.Y.S.2d 289 [2012] ). A Judge of this Court granted leave to appeal (20 N.Y.3d 989, 958 N.Y.S.2d 704, 982 N.E.2d 624 [2012] ), and we now affirm.
II
We disagree with the Appellate Division's holding on preservation. Regardless of whether defendant's objection to the testimony was sufficiently explicit, the trial court, in response to defendant's protest, “expressly decided the question raised on appeal,” thus preserving the issue for review (CPL 470.05[2] ). The Appellate Division was correct, however, in rejecting defendant's argument on the merits.
The term “bolstering” is used to describe the presentation in evidence of a prior consistent statement—that is, a statement that a testifying witness has previously made out of court that is in substance the same as his or her in-court testimony. As we explained in People v. Buie, 86 N.Y.2d 501, 509–511, 634 N.Y.S.2d 415, 658 N.E.2d 192 (1995), such statements are generally excluded by the hearsay rule, unless a hearsay exception is applicable. Prior consistent statements will often be less prejudicial to the opposing party than other forms of hearsay, since by definition the maker of the statement has said the same thing in court that he said out of it, and his credibility can be tested by cross-examination. Thus, in many cases, the admission of purely redundant hearsay creates no greater evil than waste of time. We have warned, however, that the admission of prior consistent statements may, by simple force of repetition, give to a jury an exaggerated idea of the probative force of a party's case ( see People v. Trowbridge, 305 N.Y. 471, 477, 113 N.E.2d 841 (1953);People v. Caserta, 19 N.Y.2d 18, 21, 277 N.Y.S.2d 647, 224 N.E.2d 82 (1966)).
Trowbridge and Caserta involved a particular kind of prior consistent statement: a previous identification of the defendant by an eyewitness to a crime. Under CPL 60.30, testimony to such an identification by the witness who made it is admissible, as an exception to the hearsay rule. Interpreting a predecessor statute to CPL 60.30, we held in Trowbridge, and reaffirmed in Caserta, that this exception extends no further than the language of the statute creating it. Testimony by one witness (e.g., a police officer) to a previous identification of the defendant by another witness (e.g., a victim) is inadmissible.
Huertas involved a different kind of prior consistent statement: a witness's description, given shortly after the crime, of the person who committed it. Huertas held testimony about a description to be admissible not under any exception to the hearsay rule, but because the testimony is not hearsay at all. It is admitted not for the truth or accuracy of the prior description, but as “evidence that assists the jury in evaluating the witness's opportunity to observe at the time of the crime, and the reliability of her memory at the time of the corporeal identification” ( Huertas, 75 N.Y.2d at 493, 554 N.Y.S.2d 444, 553 N.E.2d 992). While the distinction Huertas makes has been criticized ( see Martin, Capra and Rossi, New York Evidence Handbook § 8.2.4 at 670–671 [2d ed.] ), defendant does not ask us to retreat from Huertas's holding, and we take this occasion to reaffirm it. As a general matter, evidence as to how a witness described the offender when the witness's memory was fresh is much more likely to advance than to hinder accurate fact-finding.
The issue here is whether the rule of Huertas, like CPL 60.30's hearsay exception for prior eyewitness identifications, is limited to a witness's account of his or her own previous statement. We see nothing to justify such a limitation. A statement that is not hearsay when the declarant testifies to it does not become hearsay when someone else does so. Indeed, we recognized in People v. Rice, 75 N.Y.2d 929, 931, 555 N.Y.S.2d 677, 554 N.E.2d 1265 (1990), decided the same day as Huertas, that the rule of Huertas might make admissible “testimony of the complainant and police officers concerning a description of the perpetrator given by the complainant” (emphasis added). Several Appellate Division decisions correctly recognize that Huertas extends to cases in which the witness who recounts the description in court is not the same witness who gave the description initially ( e.g. People v. Linton, 62 A.D.3d 722, 723, 878 N.Y.S.2d 201 [2d Dept.2009]; People v. Ragunauth, 24 A.D.3d 472, 473, 805 N.Y.S.2d 654 [2d Dept.2005]; People v. Guerra, 168 A.D.2d 394, 395, 563 N.Y.S.2d 403 [1st Dept.1990] ). People v. Williams, 206 A.D.2d 917, 614 N.Y.S.2d 842 (4th Dept.1994), which holds otherwise, should not be followed.
Our holding today should not be interpreted as giving carte blanche to the presentation of redundant police testimony that accomplishes no useful purpose. We remarked in Rice that a recognition that police testimony to a victim's description might be admissible “does not constitute a holding that four witnesses may give this identical evidence” (75 N.Y.2d at 931 n. *, 555 N.Y.S.2d 677, 554 N.E.2d 1265). A court retains discretion to exclude evidence of prior consistent statements when it reasonably finds that evidence to be more prejudicial than probative. But here, the brief recitation by two officers of Velez's description of a man who robbed him was not likely to give the jury the false impression that there was “an impressive amount of testimony” corroborating Velez's account ( see Caserta, 19 N.Y.2d at 21, 277 N.Y.S.2d 647, 224 N.E.2d 82). We see no prejudice to defendant from its admission.
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed. RIVERA, J. (dissenting).
I disagree with the majority's conclusion that People v. Huertas, 75 N.Y.2d 487, 554 N.Y.S.2d 444, 553 N.E.2d 992 (1990) may be interpreted to permit admission of police officers' testimony of a crime victim's description of the perpetrator. I see no basis upon which to conclude such evidence constitutes anything other than bolstering of the victim's testimony. Therefore, I dissent.
Our case law provides that a prior consistent statement is inadmissible unless it is offered not for its truth, but for some other relevant purpose, or fits within a proper hearsay exception ( see e.g. id.). Otherwise, such prior consistent statement constitutes bolstering which is prohibited because “untrustworthy testimony does not become less so merely by repetition” (People v. McDaniel, 81 N.Y.2d 10, 16, 595 N.Y.S.2d 364, 611 N.E.2d 265 [1993] [citing People v. McClean, 69 N.Y.2d 426, 428, 515 N.Y.S.2d 428, 508 N.E.2d 140 (1987) ] ).
The decision in Huertas permitted prior descriptive statements by the victim because in that case such statements were offered for the nonhearsay purpose of assessing the victim's observations and the reliability of her memory. The Huertas analysis focused on the victim's ability to construct a mental image of the perpetrator and whether that image differed at the time the victim made a “corporeal identification” of the defendant. That evidence aided the jury in assessing the victim's opportunity to observe the perpetrator at the moment of the crime, and, therefore, was admissible as relevant to the question of the victim's memory ( Huertas, 75 N.Y.2d at 493, 554 N.Y.S.2d 444, 553 N.E.2d 992).
The majority articulates no basis to ignore this prior case law in order to permit admission of a police officer's testimony about the victim's out-of-court description of the perpetrator, other than the majority's conclusion that there is “nothing to justify” a limitation on Huertas as applied to police testimony of the description given by the victim (majority op. at 466, 982 N.Y.S.2d at 811, 5 N.E.3d at 974). Yet, certainly there is a limitation, for, as the majority recognizes, in People v. Caserta, we stated clearly the risk of bolstering associated with the admission of prior consistent statements that give the appearance of an exaggerated amount of evidence in support of the victim's identification (19 N.Y.2d 18, 21, 277 N.Y.S.2d 647, 224 N.E.2d 82 [1966];see also People v. Trowbridge, 305 N.Y. 471, 477, 113 N.E.2d 841 [1953] [“Numerous repetitions by various witnesses of the fact that on a particular occasion an identification was made by a complainant ... (are) capable of exaggerating ... the probative value of properly received substantive proof of identity”] ).
Here, the victim's prior statements arguably assisted the jury in assessing whether he had ample opportunity to observe the perpetrator, a permissible nonhearsay purpose under Huertas. In contrast, the police officers' repetition of this testimony in no way furthered the jurors fact-finding with respect to the victim's observation of the perpetrator. That is unless, as the majority states, “evidence as to how a witness described the offender when the witness's memory was fresh is much more likely to advance than to hinder accurate fact-finding” (majority op. at 466, 982 N.Y.S.2d at 811, 5 N.E.3d at 974). Which is simply to state that the likelihood of the description's accuracy is greater when the description is provided closer to the time of the attack. If that is the purpose of the testimony then it is hearsay, because it is admitted for its truth. If that is not the purpose, then a police officer's testimony that the victim provided a description of the attacker, and repeats that description for the jury, is nothing less than bolstering in its most basic sense because it “tends to give the idea to [the] jury that there is an impressive amount of testimony to identification when such is really not the fact” ( Caserta, 19 N.Y.2d at 21, 277 N.Y.S.2d 647, 224 N.E.2d 82).
The majority states that its decision should not be read “as giving carte blanche to the presentation of redundant police testimony that accomplishes no useful purpose” (majority op. at 467, 982 N.Y.S.2d at 811, 5 N.E.3d at 974), but I can see no other result from the decision. Even if a court has discretion to exclude such evidence “when it reasonably finds [it is] more prejudicial than probative” ( id.), it will continue to grapple with the question as to how many times a juror may hear testimony from persons other than the victim about the victim's description, before the testimony constitutes bolstering. Apparently, after today's decision, it requires at least three times ( id. at 467, 982 N.Y.S.2d at 811–12, 5 N.E.3d at 974–75).
I dissent. Chief Judge LIPPMAN and Judges GRAFFEO, READ, PIGOTT and ABDUS–SALAAM concur with Judge SMITH; Judge RIVERA dissents in an opinion.
Order affirmed.
The Huertas case, like People v. Rice, 75 N.Y.2d 929, 555 N.Y.S.2d 677, 554 N.E.2d 1265 (1990) decided the same day, involved a prosecution for rape, historically the type of prosecution where challenges to the testimony of female victims were commonplace. Arguably admission of the victim's description testimony serves, regardless of its potential prejudice, a unique role in addressing the gendered treatment of rape identifications ( see e.g. Francis X. Shen, How We Still Fail Rape Victims: Reflecting on Responsibility and Legal Reform, 22 Colum. J. Gender & L. 1 [2011] [discussing various scientific studies tending to show that for numerous reasons, rape victims, sadly, are too often not believed] ). Of course, defendant's case does not present similar concerns which might justify, on narrow grounds, admission of the police officers' testimony.