Opinion
June 10, 1921.
Robert H. Elder [ Otho S. Bowling and Charles E. Russell with him on the brief], for the appellant.
Ralph E. Hemstreet, Assistant District Attorney [ Harry E. Lewis, District Attorney, and Harry G. Anderson, Assistant District Attorney, with him on the brief], for the respondent.
On the night of November 29, 1919, one Nels Anderson, a Finnish sailor, claimed to have been robbed of three dollars in money and a gold-filled watch.
The complainant arrived in New York city on the afternoon of November 29, 1919. After engaging a room in Henry street in the borough of Brooklyn, he purchased a bottle of whisky and proceeded to a dance hall in a remote outlying district in the borough, where he remained until sometime after midnight. He drank the entire contents of his whisky bottle, and between three and three-thirty o'clock in the morning, though it was raining, he was wandering aimlessly about the streets in the vicinity of the dance hall. Anderson seems to be somewhat hazy as to his movements between the time he left the dance hall, a little after midnight, and three-thirty o'clock in the morning. He testified, however, that the appellant, who was a police officer, accosted him and asked if he had committed murder. He says the officer said: "One man got killed last night. * * * Show your hand, if you got any blood on your hand;" that the officer then went to a telephone on a pole in the street and said: "`I have got here a fellow with black hair and an overcoat on, and I think he is the fellow.' Then he said something about a hallway, but I can't remember what it was, because I was afraid, because I thought what kind of trouble I got in, so I didn't take notice of everything that he was telling." He says the defendant placed him in a hallway and said he would return; that he did return half an hour later and took from his person three dollars in money, together with a gold-plated Elgin watch, substituting a nickel one.
Afterward the complainant found his way to the Fort Hamilton Parkway station, where he made a complaint. He was taken to a police station, and after this, accompanied by Sergeant Rooney of the police, went out Fort Hamilton Parkway between Fifty-second and Fifty-third streets, and when opposite defendant, who was on patrol duty, the police sergeant called him over to him. The sergeant testified: "Patrolman Russell was walking on Fort Hamilton avenue in the direction of Sixtieth street, and he had a man in citizen's clothes with him, and I seen them coming toward me before I got right up with them, and I had my chauffeur stop the machine when we got opposite them. I called Russell over to me, over toward the machine, and while he was coming over I got out of the machine on the roadway, and both him and the man in citizen's clothes had their hands in their overcoat pockets. I told them to take their hands out of their pockets. I called Nels Anderson around and placed him opposite the two men, close to a lamp post, a gas lamp that was burning. I asked Anderson if he had seen these men before, and he answered and said, `Yes, that is the policeman.' I said, `How about this other man? Have you seen him before?' After a slight hesitation, he says, `He looks like him.' He immediately followed that with the assertion, `Yes, that is the man that was with him.' I told the two of them to get into the automobile. They got in the seat with me, in the rear seat, and I put Anderson on the front seat with the chauffeur, and the five of us, with another officer — he stood on the running board — came in to the station house. Q. When he made this statement right in the presence of Officer Russell and this other man, what did Officer Russell and the other man say? Did they make any reply at all? A. Officer Russell said that he never seen this man before."
After a careful reading of the evidence, I am of the opinion that, in view of the obvious condition of complainant at that time, all uniforms looked alike to him and that he would have identified any person wearing a uniform that the sergeant produced. The only competent evidence upon the trial tending to connect the defendant with the commission of the crime, or even to show that a crime had been committed, was that given by the sailor, to which I have referred, except that a police officer testified to hearing some utterances of the defendant over the telephone, which if made, would tend to corroborate the testimony of the complainant that the defendant did use the telephone after he had accosted him.
There was ill feeling on the part of the captain of the precinct toward the defendant, and without attempting to make any investigation other than to hear the story of the drunken sailor, he informed the defendant, who, so far as the evidence shows, had been a faithful officer for three years, "I think you are guilty. I am going to lock you up." He said he searched the defendant, did not find the watch, but did find several bills, each rolled separately, in defendant's outside coat pocket. Much was made of this fact, though there is no claim that the bills taken from complainant were rolled separately. Defendant denied that he had ever seen the complainant prior to the time he was hailed by Sergeant Rooney in the street and arrested. He denied that the bills referred to were rolled separately, and claimed that they were neatly folded and that he had fifteen dollars and ninety cents in his pocket at the time. He accounts for his movements at the time, and from his testimony it appears that while patrolling his beat and at about ten minutes to three in the morning he heard screams, and while he was investigating, he met Cahill, the codefendant, and shortly afterward one O'Keefe, a special officer engaged in home defense duty. O'Keefe thought the noise might be from a house between Eighth and Ninth avenues, where there had been trouble earlier in the evening. He says that he left his regular post and O'Keefe and Cahill accompanied him to the house, but that it was quiet. If this testimony is true, it accounts for his leaving his post. It was three-thirty A.M. at this time, and defendant reported at box 15 that he was off post. He says that later police whistles were heard, and O'Keefe started down Fortieth street to investigate, while defendant stood on Fort Hamilton Parkway and Thirty-ninth street in company with two sailors, five civilians and a milkman. O'Keefe returned, and defendant rang up box 15 again, reporting that he was on police duty and would be unable to get to box 16 in time. Defendant again heard whistles, and hailed a taxicab on Fort Hamilton Parkway, in which defendant, O'Keefe and Cahill rode to Forty-ninth street, where he met Officer Brundrick, who informed him of a fire in another precinct. Defendant's testimony as to his whereabouts at the time when complainant claims that he was robbed is fully corroborated by home defense guard O'Keefe.
The whole case hinges upon the identification of the defendant by the complainant, who must have been intoxicated at the time of the commission of the alleged crime. An officer who drove the automobile in which he was riding at about six o'clock in the morning noticed the odor of whisky on him. He was in a condition, I believe, when he would identify any person the sergeant might point out as the criminal. I agree with the learned justice who granted the certificate in this case, that "There is reasonable doubt whether Anderson was robbed at all." He was not searched, and his testimony in the Magistrate's Court leaves me in doubt as to whether he had a watch. In answer to a question as to what time he had left the dance hall, he said he did not know, "I had no watch," which he qualified by "I didn't look at the watch." There was an entire failure on the part of the People to establish the guilt of the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt, and the judgment of conviction should be reversed for this reason.
There is another reason, however, why this judgment cannot be sustained. Upon the direct examination of Sergeant Rourke, he was permitted to testify over defendant's objection and exception: "He stated to me that he met a patrolman, accompanied by a citizen; that the patrolman told him he was looking for somebody in connection with a murder, and brought him over to a telephone pole and opened the box and said something in the box; that he later closed the door and told him he guessed he was not the fellow, and walked him around several blocks and took him into a hallway and told him to stay there until he would call for him. He stated that he thought there was something funny, and he took a roll of bills out of his pocket and shoved that down underneath his undershirt, and that after a while the officer came back and went through him and took out three dollars from his pocket and a gold-filled watch and chain, and put back an Ingersoll watch in his pocket — Nels Anderson's. He stated that he told the officer that that was not his watch and he did not want it, and gave it back to him; that the officer then took him outside and told him to go about his business, and that he went up to the elevated station and told the ticket agent." The evidence was hearsay, clearly improper and incompetent. It is true that the court stated that the testimony was admitted subject to its being connected with the defendant, and that if it was not connected it would be stricken out, but this did not mitigate the error. The fact is that it was not stricken out. It was offered for the purpose of strengthening the complainant's story, and the jury were permitted to infer from the fact that it was not stricken out that it had been connected with the defendant.
There is another reason why I think this judgment should be reversed, and in this I speak for myself alone. Sergeant Rooney, while upon the stand was permitted to testify — and I have already referred to his testimony — that Anderson identified defendant. The identity of the defendant was a serious question upon the trial. The weight of the evidence was to the effect that this defendant was not the person who robbed complainant, if he was robbed, and yet upon that material point the People were permitted to show that the complainant identified the defendant as the man who stole his watch and money. This was a violation of the rule established in People v. Jung Hing ( 212 N.Y. 393).
I advise that the judgment of conviction be reversed and a new trial granted.
BLACKMAR, P.J., and MILLS, J., concur; PUTNAM, J., reads for affirmance with whom JAYCOX, J., concurs.
The feature of this case is that a policeman of three years' service has been convicted of robbing a sailor. When appellant was apprehended he was promptly locked up, and his fellow-officers, including the precinct captain, are witnesses for the prosecution. Such facts suggest a personal animus, which the defense has emphasized, and is one of the considerations moving the majority for reversal.
This precise circumstance, that suggests contrivance on the part of the people's witnesses, however, justifies what would otherwise be a technical error in admitting evidence. Hostility from the other officials may give a coloring of testimony, and even lead one to ask if the narrative of the seaman, Nels Anderson, was not largely a product of suggestion leading him to make out a case against an unpopular fellow-officer. When such discredit is attempted, it is right to show the consistency of the people's witness, by earlier statements before he had become subject to any of these influences. ( People v. Bertlini, 218 N.Y. 584.) In view of this acknowledged principle, I cannot regard it as error to receive evidence of Anderson's original identification, although at a stage of the trial before Anderson had been sought to be discredited. In the Jung Hing case the court recognized the exception where the witness is "under the imputation that his story is a recent fabrication." ( 212 N.Y. 402. ) The propriety of this ruling must be tested by the trial as a whole, not by an accidental order of proof which is in the discretion of the trial court. ( People v. Barnes, 202 N.Y. 77. ) Hence in my view there was no error in receiving testimony to the original identification.
This entire case leaves no satisfactory ground to substitute the findings of this court, which reviews upon a printed record, for that of the jurors who saw and heard the witnesses. The testimony of appellant's supporting witness Cahill, in my view, was most damaging; since the narrative of his aimless saunterings with Russell at three A.M. in a November rain storm strains credulity. The issue of identification is one of fact, and no adequate ground is shown to reject the jury's finding. ( People v. Cohen, 223 N.Y. 406, 423.)
Allowing Police Sergeant Rourke to testify to the declarations of Anderson at four A.M. that morning, when first brought to the police station, is claimed to be error. No identification had then taken place. Its importance was that at the first moment Anderson had made a complaint. He stated that he had been robbed and described the robber. The objection then raised was that defendant was not present when this complaint was received — an objection that misunderstood the grounds for its admission. It is not necessary to fall back on the rule that in rape, offenses of larceny and such crimes, the fact of an early and prompt complaint by the victim is relevant. (Wigmore Ev. § 1142; Stephens Dig. Ev. art. 8.) A Finnish seaman telling of his robbery by an officer in uniform may properly fall under the exception, by which a prior consistent statement is "receivable to repel the suggestion of recent contrivance, upon a general principle applicable to all witnesses." (Wigmore, § 1762.) These are not objective facts, but merely declarations manifesting a state and attitude of mind, and are, therefore, exceptions to the hearsay rule. (1 Greenl. Ev. § 123.) Hence the objection made that defendant was not present was properly overruled.
As a whole, the trial was fair to appellant, although his counsel sought to call Anderson a Bolshevist.
With no good exception and nowhere any substantial error, I cannot vote to reverse, much as I share in the natural reluctance to condemn one of the city police.
JAYCOX, J., concurs.
Judgment of conviction reversed upon reargument, and new trial granted.