Opinion
July 16, 1993
Appeal from the Ontario County Court, Harvey, J., Henry, Jr., J.
Present — Callahan, J.P., Green, Lawton, Fallon and Boehm, JJ.
Judgment unanimously reversed on the law, motion to suppress granted and indictment dismissed. Memorandum: Defendant was charged with criminal possession of a controlled substance in the third degree (Penal Law § 220.16) for knowingly and unlawfully possessing cocaine with intent to sell. He was arrested after the police executed a search warrant at a second floor apartment on Exchange Street in the City of Geneva and searched defendant, who was present therein. County Court denied defendant's motion to suppress, finding that the warrant was "satisfactorily issued. It's in proper form and there is sufficient information to support the issuance of a warrant".
We agree with defendant's contention that the court erred in failing to suppress all evidence seized as a result of the search warrant. The warrant application failed to establish probable cause to believe that contraband would be found in the second floor apartment. In reviewing the validity of a search warrant to determine whether it was supported by probable cause or whether it contained a sufficiently particular description of its target, the critical facts and circumstances for the reviewing court are those that were made known to the issuing Magistrate at the time of the warrant application (People v. Nieves, 36 N.Y.2d 396, 402). "The validity of a search warrant depends upon the sufficiency of what is found within the four corners of the underlying affidavit" (United States v. Taylor, 716 F.2d 701, 705).
In reviewing the supporting affidavit of the Deputy Sheriff, we conclude that there was probable cause to believe that contraband would be found at or near the premises. Those premises, however, were specifically referred to in the application as a "two story wood frame apartment building". The Deputy averred that he pulled into the driveway of the two story house and observed a man known to him "walk around the south side of the yellow house to the rear out of my sight". While reasonable inferences may be drawn directly from the circumstances shown in a warrant application, there is no support in the application for the inference that the "second floor apartment" at that address was being used for the sale and distribution of cocaine. From the circumstances revealed in the warrant application, it could as readily have been inferred that the man obtained the cocaine from the first floor apartment, the backyard of the premises, or a shed or other structure located in the backyard of the premises.
Accordingly, the application for the search warrant was insufficient to establish probable cause to believe that contraband could be found in the second floor apartment. Because all evidence against defendant was obtained as a result of the invalid search warrant, the indictment must be dismissed.