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recognizing that application of the decision of the three-judge federal panel necessitated the reversal of the defendant's conviction
Summary of this case from People v. VandenbergOpinion
Docket No. 9498.
Decided June 22, 1971. Leave to appeal denied.
Appeal from Recorder's Court of Detroit, John L. Kadela, J. Submitted Division 1 April 6, 1971, at Detroit. (Docket No. 9498.) Decided June 22, 1971. Leave to appeal denied, 386 Mich. 760.
Mack Purifoy was convicted of making or exciting a disturbance or contention. Defendant appeals. Reversed and remanded.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Dominick R. Carnovale, Chief, Appellate Department, and Patricia J. Boyle, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Hugh M. Davis, Jr. ( James R. Short, of counsel), for defendant.
Before: LESINSKI, C.J., and V.J. BRENNAN and DANHOF, JJ.
Defendant, Mack Purifoy, was arrested after he was seen throwing a rock at police officers on the scene of a public disorder and was convicted by a judge, sitting without a jury, of making or exciting a disturbance or contention. MCLA § 750.170 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 28.367). He appeals as of right claiming the statute under which he was convicted is unconstitutionally vague and overbroad.
The distinction between a challenge of vagueness and a challenge of overbreadth is well stated in Landry v. Daley (ND Ill, 1968), 280 F. Supp. 938, 951:
"The concept of vagueness or indefiniteness rests on the constitutional principle that procedural due process requires fair notice and proper standards for adjudication. The primary issues involved are whether the provisions of a penal statute are sufficiently definite to give reasonable notice of the prohibited conduct to those who wish to avoid its penalties and to apprise judge and jury of standards for the determination of guilt. If the statute is so obscure that men of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its applicability, it is unconstitutional.
"The concept of overbreadth, on the other hand, rests on principles of substantive due process which forbid the prohibitions of certain individual freedoms. The primary issue is not reasonable notice or adequate standards, although these issues may be involved. Rather the issue is whether the language of the statute, given its normal meaning, is so broad that its sanctions may apply to conduct protected by the Constitution."
It is in this context that we review defendant's claim of error.
The statute provides:
"Any person who shall make or excite any disturbance or contention in any tavern, store or grocery, manufacturing establishment or any other business place or in any street, lane, alley, highway, public building, grounds or park, or at any election or other public meeting where citizens are peaceably and lawfully assembled, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor." MCLA § 750.170 (Stat Ann 1962 Rev § 28.367).
The claim that the statute in question is overly broad was heard in Detroit Metropolitan Welfare Rights Organization v. Cahalan, Civil No 34006 (ED Mich, May 29, 1970), an unpublished opinion of a special three-judge panel in Federal court, where it was held that the words "excite any contention" must be read out of the statute. The basis for the decision was the holding in Bachellar v. Maryland (1970), 397 U.S. 564 ( 90 S Ct 1312, 25 L Ed 2d 570), that public expression of ideas may not be prohibited merely because the ideas are themselves offensive to others. Accordingly, the three-judge panel reasoned that since peaceful protest activity which excites strong or possibly violent opposition from others may be proscribed by use of the words "excite any contention", the excising was necessary to save the statute.
In the case at bar, the trial judge rendered a general verdict of guilty without specifying whether defendant was involved in a "disturbance" or a "contention". Since the conviction may have rested upon an unconstitutional basis, we are constrained to reverse and remand for new trial. Bachellar v. Maryland, supra. However, excising of the words "excite any contention" from the statute and remanding for new trial does not settle the claim of vagueness of the balance of the statute.
We decline to review the balance of the statute in terms of overbreadth. Defendant does not claim that throwing rocks is a constitutionally-protected activity. While it is possible to imagine extreme circumstances in which the statute might have heretofore threatened the exercise of constitutional rights, as in Detroit Metropolitan Welfare Rights Organization v. Cahalan, Civil No 34006 (ED Mich, May 29, 1970), we prefer to deal with those situations as they arise. In this regard, we follow the well-established judicial doctrine of not anticipating questions of constitutional law or formulating rules of constitutional law broader than required by the facts of a particular case. One to whom application of a statute may be constitutional will not be heard to attack the statute on the ground that impliedly it might also be applied unconstitutionally to others. United States v. Raines (1960), 362 U.S. 17 ( 80 S Ct 519, 4 L Ed 2d 524). This is not a case like Feiner v. New York (1951), 340 U.S. 315 ( 71 S Ct 303, 95 L Ed 295); Brown v. Louisiana (1966), 383 U.S. 131 ( 86 S Ct 719, 15 L Ed 2d 637); or Cox v. Louisiana (1965), 379 U.S. 536 ( 85 S Ct 453, 13 L Ed 2d 471), where police dispersed peaceful demonstrators in the lawful exercise of First Amendment rights because of the violent reaction of a hostile audience. Nor is this case similar to Dombrowski v. Pfister (1965), 380 U.S. 479 ( 85 S Ct 1116, 14 L Ed 2d 22), and other cases seeking declaratory relief from the "chilling effect" of overly broad statutes on protected freedoms. Moreover, the decision in Detroit Metropolitan Welfare Rights Organization, supra, can be cited for the proposition that the balance of the statute does not threaten the exercise of constitutional rights through overbreadth, since only part of the statute was excised.
The three-judge panel in Detroit Metropolitan Welfare Rights Organization v. Cahalan, supra, expressly approved of the holding in People v. Weinberg (1967), 6 Mich. App. 345, where this Court held the statute in question could properly be applied against a group of demonstrators interfering with the business of a savings and loan institution by blocking traffic in the building. The writer of this opinion also signed the opinion in People v. Weinberg, supra, and now wishes to confess his error insofar as the definitional language there employed implies that something less than a threat of violence which merely interferes with and causes irritation of others may be the sole basis for conviction under the statute. Recent decisions from other courts compel me to reexamine my prior interpretation of the statute.
It is well recognized that a state has the power to ban violence or threats of imminent violence. Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942), 315 U.S. 568 ( 62 S Ct 766, 86 L Ed 1031); Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940), 310 U.S. 296 ( 60 S Ct 900, 84 L Ed 1213). However, the attempts by various state legislatures to exercise that authority by enactment of "breach of peace" and "public disturbance" statutes have been less than successful. Some courts hold that statutes which employ such generic terms are permissible because of the futility of attempted enumeration of all the methods of disrupting public order that fertile minds might devise. People v. Raby (1968), 40 Ill.2d 392 ( 240 N.E.2d 595) ("breach of the peace"). Other courts have ruled such statutes vague on their face. City of Chester v. Elam (1962), 408 Pa. 350 ( 184 A.2d 257) ("disorderly conduct").
I am of the opinion that the statute which now reads, as edited by judicial interpretation, "Any person who shall make disturbance [in any public place] shall be guilty of a misdemeanor", can be enforced. In all prosecutions under this statute the activity to be punished must be shown to present clear and present danger of riot, disorder, interference with traffic, or a threat to public safety. Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, supra; Cantwell v. Connecticut, supra. The statute is concerned with intentional acts of violence or threats of the commission of acts of violence by persons having the ability of immediate execution of such threats. In re Shead (ND Cal, 1969), 302 F. Supp. 560. I recognize that the culpability of the offense depends upon the time, place, and circumstances of the event, and that a jury of laymen will be called upon to decide whether conduct, such as defendant's, is so substantial an intrusion as to offend the normal sensibilities of average persons, or constitutes unreasonably abusive conduct. I do not feel that a determination of reasonableness in particular cases is a significant bar to enforcement of the statute, or renders it too vague to establish a practical guide to permissible conduct. City of Dearborn Heights v. Bellock (1969), 17 Mich. App. 163. Upon retrial, and in future prosecutions under the statute, the above standards should be utilized.
Reversed and remanded.
We agree with Chief Judge LESINSKI that the decision of the special three-judge Federal panel in Detroit Metropolitan Welfare Rights Organization v. Cahalan, Civil No 34006 (ED Mich, May 29, 1970), together with Bachellar v. Maryland (1970), 397 U.S. 564 ( 90 S Ct 1312, 25 L Ed 2d 570), requires that the instant case be reversed and remanded for a new trial. We cannot agree, however, that all prosecutions under the statute, as amended by the three-judge Federal panel, would require that the activity to be punished must be shown to present a clear and present danger of riot, disorder, interference with traffic, or a threat to public safety. Such definitions are not necessary to the disposition of the case at hand.
Reversed and remanded.