Opinion
324 Ind. No. 2605/16 Case No. 2017-03420
05-25-2023
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Terrance PUGH, Defendant–Appellant.
Feldman & Feldman, Manhasset (Arza Feldman of counsel), for appellant. Alvin L. Bragg, Jr., District Attorney, New York (Karl Z. Deuble of counsel), for respondent.
Feldman & Feldman, Manhasset (Arza Feldman of counsel), for appellant.
Alvin L. Bragg, Jr., District Attorney, New York (Karl Z. Deuble of counsel), for respondent.
Manzanet–Daniels, J.P., Singh, Moulton, Shulman, Higgitt, JJ.
Judgment, Supreme Court, New York County (Laura A. Ward, J.), rendered July 18, 2017, convicting defendant, after a jury trial, of murder in the second degree, criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree (four counts), criminal sale of a controlled substance in the third degree (seven counts), and conspiracy in the fourth degree, and sentencing him, as a second felony drug offender, to an aggregate term of 47 years to life, unanimously affirmed.
Defendant's claim that the evidence was legally insufficient to disprove his justification defense is unpreserved and we decline to review it in the interest of justice. As an alternative holding, we reject it on the merits. We also find that the verdict was not against the weight of the evidence (see People v. Danielson, 9 N.Y.3d 342, 348–349, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1 [2007] ). There is no basis for disturbing the jury's credibility determinations, including its rejection of defendant's testimony supporting his justification defense. Defendant testified that he fired in the victim's direction after the victim took out a handgun and threatened defendant. However, a text message that defendant sent to his drug-trafficking associate before the incident expressed an intent to harm the victim, and an intercepted phone call defendant made to the same person after the shooting conveyed an account that was entirely inconsistent with self-defense. Furthermore, police officers examined the crime scene only minutes after the shooting and found no gun. The bullet casing locations were not consistent with defendant's account that he stood still while firing wildly. Forensic evidence, including an autopsy establishing that two of the gunshots were fired from behind the victim, also tended to disprove defendant's justification defense.
Defendant claims that the court improperly prevented him from testifying about his awareness that the victim regularly carried a firearm and that the victim committed a violent act shortly before the shooting. These claims are unpreserved, because defendant did not present his constitutional arguments or make offers of proof articulating the bases for admissibility he now asserts (see People v. Natal, 94 A.D.3d 619, 943 N.Y.S.2d 59 [1st Dept. 2012], lv denied 19 N.Y.3d 976, 950 N.Y.S.2d 359, 973 N.E.2d 769 [2012] ). We decline to review them in the interest of justice. As an alternative holding, we find that defendant was not prejudiced by any purported errors, and that there was no violation of his right to present a defense (see Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 689–690, 106 S.Ct. 2142, 90 L.Ed.2d 636 [1986] ). The excluded evidence would have added nothing to defendant's justification defense. Defendant's claim was not that he feared the victim might be carrying a weapon, but that the victim actually brandished one (see People v. Elston, 118 A.D.3d 538, 539, 988 N.Y.S.2d 154 [1st Dept. 2014] ["Under the circumstances of the case, defendant's justification defense did not turn on the extent of his knowledge of the victim's violent past, and that type of evidence had little bearing on the actual justification issues presented at trial"], lv denied 24 N.Y.3d 960, 996 N.Y.S.2d 219, 20 N.E.3d 999 [2014] ). As for the victim's alleged prior violent act, the jury heard other evidence of defendant's awareness of that incident, as well as other violent acts by the victim (see People v. Starostin, 265 A.D.2d 267, 268, 698 N.Y.S.2d 6 [1st Dept. 1999] [finding error harmless "since defendant was allowed to present other evidence of the complainant's threatening behavior"], lv denied 94 N.Y.2d 885, 705 N.Y.S.2d 17, 726 N.E.2d 494 [2000] ; People v. Ross, 197 A.D.2d 713, 714, 602 N.Y.S.2d 919 [2d Dept. 1993] [affirming conviction where rejected testimony was cumulative of testimony regarding other violent acts by victim], lv denied 82 N.Y.2d 902, 610 N.Y.S.2d 169, 632 N.E.2d 479 [1993] ).
We have considered and rejected defendant's ineffective assistance of counsel claims (see People v. Benevento, 91 N.Y.2d 708, 713–714, 674 N.Y.S.2d 629, 697 N.E.2d 584 [1998] ; Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 [1984] ). Defendant has not shown that counsel's failure to preserve his insufficiency argument, his challenge to evidentiary objections, or his constitutional issues deprived defendant of a fair trial or affected the outcome of the case.
The consecutive sentences for murder and weapon possession challenged on appeal were lawful (see generally People v. Brown, 21 N.Y.3d 739, 977 N.Y.S.2d 723, 999 N.E.2d 1168 [2013] ). Defendant testified that he possessed the weapon prior to the shooting to facilitate the sale of drugs. Moreover, defendant still possessed the weapon when he was arrested, days after the shooting. Thus, defendant's possession on that date was separate and distinct from the shooting (compare People v. Harris, 115 A.D.3d 761, 763, 981 N.Y.S.2d 451 [2d Dept. 2014] [finding consecutive sentences improper where "no evidence was introduced that the defendant possessed the gun after the shooting"], lv denied 23 N.Y.3d 1062, 994 N.Y.S.2d 322, 18 N.E.3d 1143 [2014] ).
We perceive no basis for reducing the sentence.