Opinion
2013-09-27
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Mario PITTMAN, Defendant–Appellant.
The Legal Aid Bureau of Buffalo, Inc., Buffalo (Susan C. Ministero of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. Frank A. Sedita, III, District Attorney, Buffalo (Michael J. Hillery of Counsel), for Respondent.
The Legal Aid Bureau of Buffalo, Inc., Buffalo (Susan C. Ministero of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. Frank A. Sedita, III, District Attorney, Buffalo (Michael J. Hillery of Counsel), for Respondent.
PRESENT: SCUDDER, P.J., SMITH, CENTRA, FAHEY, AND PERADOTTO, JJ.
MEMORANDUM:
Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him upon a jury verdict of, inter alia, attempted murder in the first degree (Penal Law §§ 110.00, 125.27[1][a][i]; [b] ) and criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree (§ 265.03 [former (2) ] ). We previously reversed the judgment convicting defendant of those crimes and granted a new trial ( People v. Pittman, 49 A.D.3d 1166, 854 N.Y.S.2d 623), and defendant now appeals from the judgment following the retrial.
We reject defendant's contention that Supreme Court erred in failing sua sponte to order a further competency hearing immediately before trial ( see generally People v. Tortorici, 92 N.Y.2d 757, 765–766, 686 N.Y.S.2d 346, 709 N.E.2d 87,cert. denied528 U.S. 834, 120 S.Ct. 94, 145 L.Ed.2d 80). After the judgment was reversed and before the new trial was conducted, defendant was found to be an incapacitated person within the meaning of CPL article 730, but he was later found to be competent and the matter was scheduled for trial. Shortly before trial, based in part upon defendant's history of decompensating after he voluntarily ceased taking his antipsychotic medication when he was placed in jail, the court directed a new evaluation to determine defendant's capacity to assist in his defense. Of the two psychiatrists who evaluated defendant, one found that he was not an incapacitated person but the other was unable to render a firm opinion due to defendant's refusal to cooperate with the evaluation process. At a court appearance shortly before the scheduled trial date, although both the prosecutor and defense counsel agreed that it “would be prudent to ask ... for a hearing” because the psychiatrists did not agree that defendant was not an incapacitated person, defendant informed the court that he was competent and agreed to cooperate with an evaluation by the second psychiatrist. After that interview, the second psychiatrist also found that defendant was not incapacitated, and the court concluded that a hearing was not necessary due to the agreement among the psychiatrists.
“[I]t is perfectly well settled that a trial court is entitled to give weight to the findings of competency derived from the ordered examinations” ( People v. Ferrer, 16 A.D.3d 913, 914, 791 N.Y.S.2d 721,lv. denied5 N.Y.3d 788, 801 N.Y.S.2d 809, 835 N.E.2d 669, citing People v. Morgan, 87 N.Y.2d 878, 880, 638 N.Y.S.2d 942, 662 N.E.2d 260). Inasmuch as the court determined that no hearing was necessary based upon the opinions of both psychiatrists that defendant was not an incapacitated person, and neither party requested a hearing at that time, there was no need for a hearing ( seeCPL 730.30[2] ), and the court properly directed that “the criminal action against the defendant ... proceed” ( id.).
Contrary to defendant's further contention, the court did not err in denying his challenge for cause to two prospective jurors. Although those prospective jurors may have initially expressed “a state of mind that [was] likely to preclude [them] from rendering an impartial verdict based upon the evidence adduced at the trial” (CPL 270.20[1][b] ), they ultimately both gave an “unequivocal assurance that they [could] set aside any bias and render an impartial verdict based on the evidence” ( People v. Johnson, 94 N.Y.2d 600, 614, 709 N.Y.S.2d 134, 730 N.E.2d 932;see People v. Brandi E., 105 A.D.3d 1341, 1343, 964 N.Y.S.2d 355;People v. Gladding, 60 A.D.3d 1401, 1402, 875 N.Y.S.2d 386,lv. denied12 N.Y.3d 925, 884 N.Y.S.2d 706, 912 N.E.2d 1087). Defendant failed to preserve for our review his contention that the court erred in allowing a sworn juror to remain on the jury, inasmuch as defendant did not object to the court's inquiry of that juror or seek to discharge the juror ( see People v. Dennis, 91 A.D.3d 1277, 1279, 937 N.Y.S.2d 496,lv. denied19 N.Y.3d 995, 951 N.Y.S.2d 472, 975 N.E.2d 918;People v. Rufus, 56 A.D.3d 1175, 1176, 867 N.Y.S.2d 608,lv. denied11 N.Y.3d 930, 874 N.Y.S.2d 15, 902 N.E.2d 449). In any event, the court properly concluded that the juror was not “grossly unqualified to serve in the case” (CPL 270.35[1]; see People v. Wolff, 103 A.D.3d 1264, 1266, 962 N.Y.S.2d 529,lv. denied21 N.Y.3d 948, 968 N.Y.S.2d 10, 990 N.E.2d 144;People v. Telehany, 302 A.D.2d 927, 928, 754 N.Y.S.2d 508).
Next, as defendant correctly concedes, he failed to preserve for our review his contention that the conviction is not supported by legally sufficient evidence, because his motion for a trial order of dismissal was not specifically directed at the issues raised on appeal ( see People v. Gray, 86 N.Y.2d 10, 19, 629 N.Y.S.2d 173, 652 N.E.2d 919). In any event, we conclude that the evidence is legally sufficient to support the conviction with respect to all of the charges ( see generally People v. Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672). In addition, viewing the evidence in light of the elements of the crimes as charged to the jury ( see People v. Danielson, 9 N.Y.3d 342, 349, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1), we conclude that the verdict is not against the weight of the evidence ( see generally Bleakley, 69 N.Y.2d at 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672).
Contrary to defendant's further contention, the court did not err in admitting in evidence the testimony of a witness that defendant fired a weapon at the witness at the start of the incident from which these charges arose. Defendant objected to the witness' testimony on the ground that it was not relevant to the charges remaining in the indictment because he was acquitted in the first trial of attempting to murder that witness, and that any probative value of the evidence was outweighed by its prejudicial effect. We reject that contention. The Court of Appeals has “reaffirmed the well-established rules that evidence is relevant if it has any tendency in reason to prove any material fact and that all relevant evidence is admissible at trial unless admission violates some exclusionary rule” ( People v. Alvino, 71 N.Y.2d 233, 241, 525 N.Y.S.2d 7, 519 N.E.2d 808 [internal quotation marks omitted] ). Thus, “where evidence of a prior uncharged crime contains more probative value than risk of prejudice to the defendant, the evidence is admissible” ( People v. Chase, 85 N.Y.2d 493, 502, 626 N.Y.S.2d 721, 650 N.E.2d 379). Here, the court properly determined that the evidence was highly probative on the issues of defendant's possession of a loaded weapon and his intent to use it unlawfully against another, i.e., elements of crimes charged in the indictment at the retrial, and that its probative value outweighed its potential for prejudice ( see Alvino, 71 N.Y.2d at 241, 525 N.Y.S.2d 7, 519 N.E.2d 808; People v. Stubinger, 87 A.D.3d 1316, 1316–1317, 929 N.Y.S.2d 813,lv. denied18 N.Y.3d 862, 938 N.Y.S.2d 869, 962 N.E.2d 294;see generally People v. Delarosa, 84 A.D.3d 832, 833–834, 922 N.Y.S.2d 188,lv. denied17 N.Y.3d 815, 929 N.Y.S.2d 804, 954 N.E.2d 95).
We reject the further contention of defendant that his statutory right to be present during a material stage of the trial was violated ( see generally CPL 310.30). Contrary to defendant's contention, “[t]he absence of a notation in the record indicating that defendant was present is not sufficient to demonstrate that he was not present” ( People v. Martin, 26 A.D.3d 847, 848, 808 N.Y.S.2d 865,affd. sub nom. People v. Kisoon, 8 N.Y.3d 129, 831 N.Y.S.2d 738, 863 N.E.2d 990;see People v. Foster, 1 N.Y.3d 44, 48, 769 N.Y.S.2d 156, 801 N.E.2d 376). Based upon the record before us, we conclude that defendant “failed to come forward with substantial evidence to rebut the presumption of regularity that attaches to all criminal proceedings” ( People v. Andrew, 1 N.Y.3d 546, 547, 772 N.Y.S.2d 235, 804 N.E.2d 399).
Contrary to defendant's additional contention, he was not deprived of a fair trial by the admission of evidence of prior uncharged criminal conduct, which was contained in his statement to the police. Although evidence of a defendant's past uncharged criminal behavior is not admissible to show defendant's general predisposition to criminal conduct ( see People v. Molineux, 168 N.Y. 264, 291–293, 61 N.E. 286), the evidence of defendant's prior criminal conduct was properly admitted because it was relevant to a material aspect of the People's direct case ( see id. at 293–294, 61 N.E. 286). Furthermore, defendant cannot claim any surprise with respect to the evidence inasmuch as it was included in the People's CPL 710.30 notice and was introduced at the first trial on these charges ( cf. People v. Matthews, 68 N.Y.2d 118, 122–123, 506 N.Y.S.2d 149, 497 N.E.2d 287).
Defendant failed to preserve for our review his additional contention that he was deprived of a fair trial by prosecutorial misconduct on summation ( see People v. Smith, 32 A.D.3d 1291, 1292, 821 N.Y.S.2d 356,lv. denied8 N.Y.3d 849, 830 N.Y.S.2d 708, 862 N.E.2d 800) and, in any event, that contention is without merit. The majority of the prosecutor's comments on summation to which defendant objects on appeal were within the “ ‘broad bounds of rhetorical comment permissible in closing argument’ ” ( People v. Williams, 28 A.D.3d 1059, 1061, 813 N.Y.S.2d 606,affd.8 N.Y.3d 854, 831 N.Y.S.2d 367, 863 N.E.2d 588, quoting People v. Galloway, 54 N.Y.2d 396, 399, 446 N.Y.S.2d 9, 430 N.E.2d 885), and any comments that were arguably improper were not so egregious as to deprive defendant of a fair trial ( see People v. Lopez, 96 A.D.3d 1621, 1622, 946 N.Y.S.2d 780,lv. denied19 N.Y.3d 998, 951 N.Y.S.2d 474, 975 N.E.2d 920;People v. Rivera, 281 A.D.2d 927, 928, 723 N.Y.S.2d 775,lv. denied96 N.Y.2d 906, 730 N.Y.S.2d 804, 756 N.E.2d 92;People v. Walker, 234 A.D.2d 962, 963, 652 N.Y.S.2d 441,lv. denied89 N.Y.2d 1042, 659 N.Y.S.2d 873, 681 N.E.2d 1320). We have considered defendant's remaining contentions regarding alleged prosecutorial misconduct and conclude that they are without merit.
Defendant's contention that the court failed to apprehend or exercise its discretion when sentencing him is not supported by the record ( see People v. McCray, 78 A.D.3d 1595, 1595, 910 N.Y.S.2d 724;People v. Moon, 43 A.D.3d 1379, 1380, 842 N.Y.S.2d 831,lv. denied9 N.Y.3d 1036, 852 N.Y.S.2d 22, 881 N.E.2d 1209;cf. People v. Schafer, 19 A.D.3d 1133, 1133, 797 N.Y.S.2d 206). Finally, the sentence is not unduly harsh or severe.
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed.