Opinion
No. 26240
Decided December 23, 1974.
Appeal from a Crim. P. 35(b) hearing in which the district court refused to vacate a plea of guilty to possession of more than one-half ounce of marijuana.
Affirmed
1. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE — Plea of Guilty — Unlawful Possession — Narcotic Drug — Attorney — Exploration — Judge — Advise — Sentence — One-Half Ounce — Negative. Where record at providency hearing showed that defendant's attorney stated he had explained to defendant the "effects" of the guilty plea to unlawful possession of a narcotic drug, and trial judge in response to direct questioning received a direct answer from defendant that he possessed marijuana and intended to have it with him, that no promises or threats had been made to him to get him to change his plea, that he understood he had the right to trial by jury at which district attorney would have to prove all the allegations of the complaint, and where defendant was further advised that he could receive a sentence of from 2 to 15 years and defendant specifically stated he understood that, and where evidence introduced without objection indicated that Musser sold 7 pounds of marijuana, held, under the circumstances, the plea was valid even though trial judge did not explain that crime charged in information was felonious possession of "more than one-half ounce of a narcotic drug, to-wit: Cannabis Sativa L."
2. Providency Hearing — Need — Elements — Aware — Acceptance — Guilty Plea. Colorado case law recognizes the need for a full providency hearing and the necessity that a defendant be made aware of the elements of the crime with which he is charged before a guilty plea may be accepted.
3. Plea of Guilty — One-Half Ounce — Marijuana — Promise — Threats — Negative. Where trial judge determined that no promise or threats had been made to defendant to persuade him to change his plea, held, under the circumstances, plea of guilty to charge of possession of more than one-half ounce of marijuana was properly determined to have been voluntarily entered.
4. Plea of Guilty — One-Half Ounce — Marijuana — Explanation — Burdens — Prosecution — Trial by Jury — Sufficient. Trial judge's explanation to defendant — prior to accepting defendant's plea of guilty to possession of more than one-half ounce of marijuana — of the burdens on the prosecution if defendant elected to pursue his right to trial by jury was a sufficient explanation of the right to trial by jury.
Appeal from the District Court of Jefferson County, Honorable George C. Priest, Judge.
John P. Moore, Attorney General, John E. Bush, Deputy, Gregory L. Williams, Assistant, for plaintiff-appellee.
Montgomery, Little, Young Ogilvie, P.C., David A. Ogilvie, for defendant-appellant.
This is an appeal from a Crim. P. 35(b) hearing in which the Jefferson County District Court refused to vacate a plea of guilty. The defendant Mark Rowley Musser contends that reversal of the district court is required because of our order to vacate the guilty plea of his co-defendant, Kenneth Keenan, in People v. Keenan, 185 Colo. 317, 524 P.2d 604. We disagree and affirm the ruling of the trial court.
On January 25, 1972, Musser and Keenan were charged with unlawful sale of narcotic drugs, C.R.S. 1963, 48-5-20, unlawful possession of a narcotic drug, C.R.S. 1963, 48-5-2, and unlawful possession of dangerous drugs, 1971 Perm. Supp., C.R.S. 1963, 48-8-2(5). Both defendants, pursuant to a plea bargain, pleaded guilty to the felony charge of unlawful possession of more than one-half ounce of the narcotic drug marijuana and were sentenced to the penitentiary. Under 1971 Perm. Supp., C.R.S. 1963, 48-5-20(7)(a)(i) the possession of one-half ounce or less of marijuana, upon a first conviction, is only a misdemeanor.
[1] As we said in Keenan, supra, the record at the providency hearing shows that the defendants' attorney stated he had explained to the defendants the "effects" of the guilty plea to unlawful possession of a narcotic drug. Furthermore, the trial judge in response to direct questioning, received a direct answer from Musser that he possessed marijuana, and intended to have it with him; that no promises or threats had been made to him to get him to change his plea; and that he understood that he had the right to trial by jury at which the district attorney would have to prove all the allegations of the complaint even if the defendants did nothing. He further advised Musser that he could receive a sentence of from 2 to 15 years, and Musser specifically stated he understood that. As in Keenan, however, the trial judge did not explain to the defendants that the crime charge in the information was the felonious possession of "more than one-half ounce of a narcotic drug, to-wit: Cannabis Sativa L."
Nevertheless, Musser's involvement in the charged transaction compels us to reach a result opposite from our conclusion in Keenan. Keenan asserted that his plea was invalid because he did not realize he was pleading guilty to possession in connection with the sale he witnessed between the undercover agents and Musser. Rather, Keenan claimed that he thought he was pleading guilty to possession of a small amount of marijuana he kept at his home and turned over to officers after the sale. Keenan alleged that he would not have pleaded guilty if he had known that more than one-half ounce was required for felony possession in his case, and Keenan's allegations were never questioned by the district attorney in cross examination or through the introduction of other testimony.
Musser, however, has never contended that he possessed less than one-half ounce of marijuana. Indeed, the only evidence presented in this case indicated that Musser was the principal in the sale of seven pounds of marijuana, that the sale was at his residence and that he produced the marijuana when the sale was finalized. In light of the circumstances present with respect to Musser, his knowledge that the crime to which he plead involved the possession of more than one-half ounce of marijuana is obvious.
[2] Our cases recognize the need for a full providency hearing and the necessity that a defendant be aware of the elements of the crime with which he is charged before a guilty plea may be accepted. People v. Cumby, 178 Colo. 31, 495 P.2d 223; People v. Mason, 176 Colo. 544, 491 P.2d 1383; People v. Riney, 176 Colo. 221, 489 P.2d 1304; People v. Randolph, 175 Colo. 454, 488 P.2d 203. However, as pointed out in People v. Canino, 181 Colo. 207, 508 P.2d 1273, 1275, "our concern has always been with reality and not ritual . . . . To us, it would be the height of sophistry, under the circumstances of this case, to vacate the defendant's plea because of the court's failure to set forth in the record the elements of the crime . . . ."
[3,4] The defendant Musser also claims that his plea was not voluntarily entered and that the trial judge did not properly explain Musser's right to trial by jury. These claims have no merit. The judge determined that no promises or threats had been made to the defendant to persuade him to change his plea. Also, the judge explained the burden on the prosecutor if the defendant elected to pursue his right to trial by jury. Nothing more is required of trial judges when determining the voluntariness of a guilty plea or when explaining the right to trial by jury. See Bradley v. People, 175 Colo. 146, 485 P.2d 875.
The judgment is affirmed.
MR. JUSTICE ERICKSON does not participate.