Opinion
May 20, 1999
Appeal from the judgment, Supreme Court, New York County (Charles Solomon, J.).
The court properly instructed the jury that possession of an unlicensed, loaded firearm is presumptive evidence of intent to use it unlawfully against another ( People v. Gibbs, 254 A.D.2d 209).
Defendant was not deprived of a fair trial when the court modified its pretrial Ventimiglia (People v. Ventimiglia, 52 N.Y.2d 350) ruling. Prior to trial the court precluded, as unduly prejudicial, any evidence about a bag found in defendant's car that contained equipment capable of being used to commit robberies. During the trial, the relevance of the innocuous bag itself, as opposed to its contents, became apparent, and the court modified its ruling accordingly. Defendant has not shown how this modification, which still excluded the contents of the bag, disrupted his trial strategy or otherwise caused him any undue prejudice.
The verdict was based on legally sufficient evidence. Contrary to defendant's argument, his actions in loading and cocking the weapon and in resisting arrest constituted a sufficiently direct cause of the officer's injury to sustain the charge of assault in the second degree ( see, People v. Kibbe, 35 N.Y.2d 407), because defendant set in motion a chain of events from which some injury to an officer was foreseeable even if the actual injury suffered and the exact manner by which it came about were not foreseeable ( see, Matter of Anthony M., 63 N.Y.2d 270, 280).
We perceive no abuse of sentencing discretion.
Concur — Sullivan, J. P., Williams, Rubin, Andrias and Friedman, JJ.