Opinion
223 KA 19-01653
07-28-2023
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Damon MADDOX, Defendant-Appellant.
JULIE CIANCA, PUBLIC DEFENDER, ROCHESTER (PAUL SKIP LAISURE OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. SANDRA DOORLEY, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, ROCHESTER (KAYLAN C. PORTER OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
JULIE CIANCA, PUBLIC DEFENDER, ROCHESTER (PAUL SKIP LAISURE OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
SANDRA DOORLEY, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, ROCHESTER (KAYLAN C. PORTER OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
PRESENT: SMITH, J.P., LINDLEY, CURRAN, OGDEN, AND GREENWOOD, JJ.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed.
Memorandum: Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him, following a bench trial, of criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree ( Penal Law § 265.03 [3] ). Defendant contends that Penal Law § 265.03 is unconstitutional in light of the United States Supreme Court's decision in New York State Rifle & Pistol Assn., Inc. v. Bruen , ––– U.S. ––––, 142 S.Ct. 2111, 213 L.Ed.2d 387 (2022). Inasmuch as defendant failed to raise a constitutional challenge during the proceedings in Supreme Court, any such challenge is not preserved for our review (see People v. Jacque-Crews , 213 A.D.3d 1335, 1335-1336, 183 N.Y.S.3d 234 [4th Dept. 2023], lv denied 39 N.Y.3d 1111, 186 N.Y.S.3d 841, 208 N.E.3d 69 [2023] ; People v. Reinard , 134 A.D.3d 1407, 1409, 22 N.Y.S.3d 270 [4th Dept. 2015], lv denied 27 N.Y.3d 1074, 38 N.Y.S.3d 844, 60 N.E.3d 1210 [2016], cert denied 580 U.S. 969, 137 S.Ct. 392, 196 L.Ed.2d 308 [2016] ). Contrary to defendant's contention, his "challenge to the constitutionality of a statute must be preserved" ( People v. Baumann & Sons Buses, Inc. , 6 N.Y.3d 404, 408, 813 N.Y.S.2d 27, 846 N.E.2d 457 [2006], rearg denied 7 N.Y.3d 742, 819 N.Y.S.2d 876, 853 N.E.2d 247 [2006] ).
Contrary to defendant's further contention, the grand jury proceedings were not rendered defective by the testimony of two police officers who identified defendant as the individual depicted in certain video footage. "A lay witness may give an opinion concerning the identity of a person depicted in a surveillance [video] if there is some basis for concluding that the witness is more likely to correctly identify the defendant from the [video] than is the jury" ( People v. Mosley , 200 A.D.3d 1658, 1659, 158 N.Y.S.3d 511 [4th Dept. 2021] [internal quotation marks omitted]; see People v. Castro , 207 A.D.3d 1027, 1029, 169 N.Y.S.3d 560 [4th Dept. 2022], lv denied 39 N.Y.3d 985, 181 N.Y.S.3d 190, 201 N.E.3d 807 [2022] ). Here, we conclude that both officers testified to sufficient recent encounters with defendant to provide "some basis for concluding that the [officers were] more likely to identify defendant than was the [grand] jury" ( Mosley , 200 A.D.3d at 1659, 158 N.Y.S.3d 511 ).
Defendant also contends that the court erred in admitting in evidence certain audio recordings because the testifying officer lacked sufficient familiarity with defendant's voice to identify the voice on the recordings as belonging to defendant. We reject that contention. The record establishes that the officer had personal experience with defendant and had interviewed him as part of the investigation of this case (see People v. Johnson , 184 A.D.3d 1102, 1103-1104, 126 N.Y.S.3d 261 [4th Dept. 2020], lv denied 36 N.Y.3d 929, 135 N.Y.S.3d 342, 159 N.E.3d 1109 [2020] ).
Contrary to defendant's final contention, the warrant to search defendant's cell phone was issued upon probable cause. Probable cause to support a search warrant "merely [requires] information sufficient to support a reasonable belief that ... evidence of a crime may be found in a certain place" ( People v. Conley , 192 A.D.3d 1616, 1617, 144 N.Y.S.3d 508 [4th Dept. 2021], lv denied 37 N.Y.3d 1026, 153 N.Y.S.3d 417, 175 N.E.3d 442 [2021] [internal quotation marks omitted]). Here, among other things, the affidavit in support of the warrant application stated that surveillance footage showed defendant standing among a group of people and using his cell phone just before a physical altercation broke out. The affidavit further stated that the surveillance footage also showed defendant firing a handgun down a crowded street shortly after the altercation. According "great deference to the issuing Judge" ( People v. Harper , 236 A.D.2d 822, 823, 653 N.Y.S.2d 771 [4th Dept. 1997], lv denied 89 N.Y.2d 1094, 660 N.Y.S.2d 388, 682 N.E.2d 989 [1997] ), we conclude that the court properly determined that there was sufficient information in the warrant application to support a reasonable belief that evidence of a crime might be found on defendant's cell phone (see Conley , 192 A.D.3d at 1618, 144 N.Y.S.3d 508 ).