Summary
In People v. Lowndes, 130 N.Y. 455, an indictment based upon a provision of the Penal Code that a non-resident "who plants oysters in the waters of this state without consent of the owner of the same, or on the shore, or gathers oysters, in any such waters for his own benefit, or for the benefit of a non-resident employer," shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, was fatally defective because it omitted to aver that the planting was done for his own benefit or for the benefit of a nonresident employer, which was the essential element of said statutory offense.
Summary of this case from People v. WackeOpinion
Argued December 17, 1891
Decided January 20, 1892
James C. Carter for appellant. Martin J. Keough for appellant.
Charles R. Street for respondent.
The purpose of the indictment against the defendant was to charge him with the violation of the statute, which provides that "a person who, not being at the time an actual inhabitant or resident of this state, plants oysters in the waters of this state, without the consent of the owner of the same, or of the shore, or gathers oysters or other shell-fish from their beds of natural growth, in any such waters on his own account, or for his own benefit, or the benefit of a non-resident employer, is guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by imprisonment not exceeding six months, or by fine not exceeding one hundred dollars, or both." And the indictment was that "the said Stanley H. Lowndes, then not being an actual inhabitant and resident of the state of New York, at the town of Huntington in the county of Suffolk aforesaid, on the 14th day of July, 1888, willfully and wrongfully planted oysters in the waters of Huntington bay in said town and county without the consent of the owners of the same, to wit: The board of trustees of the town of Huntington, against the form of the statute in such case made and provided, and against the peace of the people of the state of New York and their dignity." The defendant demurred to the indictment on the ground that it failed to state facts sufficient to constitute an offense against the criminal law. The demurrer was overruled and exception taken. The defendant thereupon entered his plea of not guilty. And the trial resulted in his conviction.
It appeared by the evidence that in July, 1888, the defendant was engaged in planting oysters in Huntington bay; that he was then a resident of the state of Connecticut; and that he was doing this work as the employe of his father John Lowndes, also a resident of that state, who twenty years before had staked out the grounds and buoyed them off at the place in question in the bay, and thereafter had been engaged in planting natural oysters and gathering the cultivated oysters there.
In the view of the trial court the only question of fact was whether the place where the oysters were planted by the defendant was within the town of Huntington; and that was dependent upon the northern boundary of the royal patent from the crown made by Richard Nicholls, governor-general, etc., November 30, 1666, to the freeholders and inhabitants of the town of Huntington, confirmed by the charter of Thomas Dongan, captain-general and governor-in-chief of New York, etc., August 2, 1688, and by Benjamin Fletcher, captain-general and governor-in-chief, etc., October 5, 1694. Those colonial patents or grants bounded the land embraced within them on the north by the sound, that is what is known as Long Island sound. The bay was an open one widening to the north; and it is claimed on the part of the defense that the bay is within the sound; and that the determination by the court that Northport bay was within the limits of the royal patent has no essential application here because that was a landlocked harbor. ( Brookhaven v. Strong, 60 N.Y. 72; Robins v. Ackerly, 91 id. 98.) If the locus in quo was not within the colonial patent or grant it was the property of the state, and passed to the trustees of the town of Huntington by the legislative act of cession of May, preceding the time of the alleged offense. (L. 1888, ch. 279.) The view taken of the case renders it unnecessary to consider the question of the northern boundary of the premises embraced in the patent, or the effect upon the rights of John Lowndes of the act of cession of 1888. Nor is it necessary to inquire whether any other question of fact bearing upon the intent of the defendant should have been submitted to the jury as urged by the defendant's counsel. The case may be disposed of upon the exception taken to the ruling upon the demurrer.
The statute was passed with the view to discrimination between those persons who were and those who were not residents of the state, and in favor of the former to the exclusion of the latter for the purpose of planting and gathering oysters in its waters. This, to that extent, is a lawful exercise of legislative power over the common property of the citizens of the state. ( McCready v. Virginia, 94 U.S. 391.)
The statute created two offenses. One for planting oysters in the waters of the state, and the other for gathering oysters and other shell-fish from their natural beds in any such waters. The words without the consent of the owner of the same, or of the shore, include the owners, whoever they may be, and are applied to the person planting who is not then an actual inhabitant or resident of the state. If this is all that is essential to the offense and all that is made requisite by the statute the indictment was sufficient.
But it is quite evident that such is not the construction intended, or to which the statute is entitled. The subsequent words, "on his own account or for his own benefit, or the benefit of a non-resident employer," are applicable alike to both offenses. It may be that a different legislative intent may have been applied to the interpretation of the section, if reference to a person not being an inhabitant and resident of the state had by express repetition been made applicable to the offense of gathering oysters, etc.; but the words "on his own account," etc., relate back to the person first and only mentioned at the opening of the section. And while those words are more closely in position connected with the statement of the second offense than with the other, it seems clear that they were intended to be attached and made essential to the offense first mentioned in the section. It is quite difficult to see that it was intended to so discriminate between the offenses as not to make that of gathering oysters from their natural beds a criminal offense unless done by a non-resident on his own account or for his own benefit, or the benefit of a non-resident employer, and not to make those conditions requisite to the offense of planting oysters. The other view of the provisions of the section and that upon which the indictment was framed, might lead to the inquiry whether the provisions purporting to create the offense of planting contain all the requisites of a criminal offense. They certainly might be construed to impute a crime to a person not chargeable with the offense. The owner mentioned in the statute refers to the owner of the waters of the state, and this means waters within the state by whomsoever owned. A person not having the title may have the right to plant oysters in such waters. He may take it by license; and he may employ a person not an inhabitant and resident of this state to plant oysters there. And the privilege of a citizen of any one of the United States, no less than that of a citizen of this state, to accept lawful employment and perform service within it, has the constitutional guaranty that "the citizens of each state shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens of the several states." (U.S. Const. art. 4, § 2; Slaughter House Cases, 16 Wall, 77.)
But the construction given to the statute in question renders it unnecessary to pursue further the subject of constitutional guaranty, or to seek to apply it to the present case. And as an essential element of the statutory offense of planting oysters by a non-resident, is that it be done on account or for the benefit of the person doing it, or for the benefit of a non-resident employer; the failure to charge that fact in the indictment was a substantial omission. And the rule which requires for its support when challenged, that all ingredients essential to the offense be alleged, renders the indictment fatally defective. ( People v. Gates, 13 Wend. 311; People v. Allen, 5 Denio, 76; Eckhardt v. People, 83 N.Y. 462; U.S. v. Carll, 105 U.S. 611.)
While the words used in a statute to define a crime need not be strictly pursued in the indictment, words conveying the meaning of those employed by the statute to express the ingredients of the offense may be used. (Code Cr. Pro. § 283.) Imperfections in matter of form may be disregarded (Id. § 285), but the substance of all that is requisite to the offense must be alleged. ( Pontius v. People, 82 N.Y. 339; People v. King, 110 id. 418; People v. Clements, 107 id. 205.)
The question here is not one of form or particularity of statement of the matters essential to the crime, but of entire failure to allege them in any manner. It is urged that because the two offenses mentioned in section 441 of the Penal Code had separate sources in prior statutes (Laws 1866, chap. 404, § 6; Laws 1879, chap. 87), the provisions should have the construction that they were there severally entitled to. But it may be observed that the provisions of that section of the Laws of 1866, embracing both of the offenses, materially differ in structure from those in the statute under consideration. And the other prior statute referred to, amendatory of Laws 1878 (Chap. 302), had relation only to raking or gathering of oysters and other shell fish by non-residents of the state on their own account and for their own benefit, or on account or for the benefit of non-resident employers, and was not confined to taking them from their beds of natural growth. That statute could not have been effectual to deny to the owner, although a non-resident, the right of taking his oysters from the waters of the state, if he owned any which he had planted there. ( People v. Hazen, 121 N.Y. 313.) In the case last cited the constitutional question raised was not considered, nor was it necessary to do so for the purposes of the result reached. We fail to find anything in the prior statutes before mentioned to legitimately indicate a legislative intent in support of the construction of the present statute contended for on the part of the prosecution. And the view here taken of its construction leads to the conclusion that the judgment should be reversed and the defendant discharged.
All concur.
Judgment reversed.