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In People v Love, 127 Mich. App. 596, 602; 339 N.W.2d 493 (1983), this Court held that the statutory exception to spousal privilege in cases "where the cause of action grows out of a personal wrong or injury done by one to the other" applies to prosecution of a crime committed against a third person where it is part of the same criminal transaction as a crime committed against the testifying spouse.
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Docket No. 60079.
Decided August 1, 1983.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Edward Reilly Wilson, Deputy Chief, Civil and Appeals, and Timothy A. Baughman, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Thaddeus K. Dean, for defendant.
The trial court convicted defendant of (1) second-degree murder, MCL 750.317; MSA 28.549, (2) kidnapping, MCL 750.349; MSA 28.581, and (3) felony-firearm, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2), following a bench trial on May 5, 1981. The trial court sentenced defendant to two concurrent 5-1/2- to 20-year prison terms for the murder and kidnapping convictions and the mandatory consecutive 2-year prison term for the felony-firearm conviction. Defendant appeals as of right.
The major witness presented by the prosecution was defendant's wife, Sue Love. Her testimony established that she was separated from defendant and had begun divorce proceedings at the end of October, 1980. Defendant arrived at Ms. Love's home after her afternoon work-shift sometime around 11 or 11:30 p.m. on October 30, 1980. He accused his estranged wife of "fooling around" with her co-worker, Johnny McQueen. Defendant telephoned Mr. McQueen to ask him to come over to his wife's house to discuss his relationship with defendant's wife. Mr. McQueen arrived about 20 minutes later.
Defendant, his wife, and Mr. McQueen went outdoors and into Mr. McQueen's car where they talked. Mr. McQueen sat in the front seat of the car with Ms. Love. Defendant sat in the back seat. After some discussion followed by a few moments of silence, defendant asked Mr. McQueen for a cigarette. After Mr. McQueen gave defendant a cigarette, defendant pulled a nickle-plated handgun out of his pocket and shot Mr. McQueen at close range in the temple. Defendant then pushed Mr. McQueen's body out of the car, took the driver's seat, pointed the gun in his wife's direction, and threatened to harm her if she tried to leave.
Defendant drove aimlessly for some time before stopping at a vacant house for about one-half hour. Defendant then forced his wife back into Mr. McQueen's automobile, drove aimlessly again, and went to the home of some friends after the car ran out of gas. Ms. Love testified that defendant did not threaten her during this period, but did threaten her initially.
Prior to Ms. Love's testimony, defense counsel had moved to suppress her testimony regarding the killing of McQueen. Defendant argued that her testimony regarding that crime was excludable under the spousal privilege statute. That statute provides, in pertinent part:
"A husband shall not be examined as a witness for or against his wife without her consent; nor a wife for or against her husband without his consent, except in suits for divorce and in cases of prosecution for bigamy, in cases of prosecution for a crime committed against the children of either or both and where the cause of action grows out of a personal wrong or injury done by one to the other." MCL 600.2162; MSA 27A.2162.
The trial court denied the motion, finding a New Jersey case with a similar fact situation persuasive. State v Briley, 53 N.J. 498; 251 A.2d 442 (1969). The trial court also found that defendant's spousal privilege had been waived when Ms. Love testified at the preliminary examination. At both the preliminary examination and trial, Ms. Love stated on the record that she did not wish to testify against her husband. Furthermore, defendant objected and stated that he did not consent to a waiver of the privilege.
Defendant's first argument in this appeal is that the trial court erred by compelling Ms. Love to testify against her husband regarding the second-degree murder charge. We disagree.
In Briley, relied upon by the trial court, the defendant husband shot and murdered a male companion of his estranged wife and then assaulted his wife with a gun. At that time, New Jersey had a statutory rule of evidence similar to Michigan's spousal privilege statute. New Jersey charged Briley with the murder of his wife's male companion and with an assault against his wife. The trial court compelled Briley's wife to testify regarding the murder charge as well as the assault against her over defendant's objection. The Briley Court held,
"If there is a single criminal event in which she and others are targets or victims of the husband's criminal conduct in the totality of the integrated incident and formal charges are made against the husband for some or all the offenses committed (one of which charges is for an offense against the spouse), the wife should be a competent and compellable witness against her husband at the trial of all the cases regardless of whether they are tried separately or in one proceeding. And, in this connection, it should be immaterial that the offense against the wife does not reach the same dimensions of criminality as it does against the third-party victim." Briley, 53 N.J. 507; 251 A.2d 446.
We find Briley persuasive.
In People v Wadkins, 101 Mich. App. 272; 300 N.W.2d 542 (1980), this Court reviewed the historical underpinnings of the statutory spousal privilege. The spousal privilege does not have a constitutional foundation. Rather, its foundation was laid upon the historical notions that a defendant was incapable of testifying on his or her own behalf and the unity of husband and wife as one person in marriage. Wadkins, pp 283-284. The modern justification for the spousal privilege is preservation of marital harmony. Wadkins, p 283.
In Trammel v United States, 445 U.S. 40; 100 S Ct 906; 63 L Ed 2d 186 (1980), in which the Court held that a witness-spouse may testify against the defendant-spouse without the accused spouse's consent under the federal common-law spousal privilege rule, the Court said:
"Testimonial exclusionary rules and privileges contravene the fundamental principle that '"the public * * * has a right to every man's evidence."' United States v Bryan, 339 U.S. 323, 331 [ 94 L Ed 884; 70 S Ct 724] (1950). As such, they must be strictly construed and accepted 'only to the very limited extent that permitting a refusal to testify or excluding relevant evidence has a public good transcending the normally predominant principle of utilizing all rational means for ascertaining truth.' Elkins v United States, 364 U.S. 206, 234 [ 4 L Ed 2d 1669; 80 S Ct 1437] (1960) (Frankfurter, J., dissenting). Accord, United States v Nixon, 418 U.S. 683, 709-710 [ 41 L Ed 2d 1039; 94 S Ct 3090] (1974)." 445 U.S. 50-51.
In Wadkins, p 283, this Court said:
"The spousal privilege in Michigan, like the modern common law privilege, is narrow in its justification and ought to be correspondingly narrowly construed in its scope."
The Legislature employed remarkably broad language in drafting the victim-spouse exception quoted above. Because the spousal privilege should be narrowly construed, the exceptions to the spousal privilege stated in the statute should be construed broadly. Therefore, we hold that a crime committed against a third person as part of the same criminal transaction as a crime committed against a spouse "grows out of a personal wrong or injury" done to the spouse and is therefore within the exception. This result is consistent with the policy behind the statute. Marital harmony will not be significantly decreased if the victim-spouse is required to testify on two charges arising from the same criminal transaction rather than merely one.
This result is also in accord with the overwhelming weight of authority from other jurisdictions. See Briley, supra; State v Wilson, 218 Or. 575; 346 P.2d 115 (1959); People v Ford, 60 Cal.2d 772; 36 Cal.Rptr. 620; 388 P.2d 892 (1964); Wilkerson v United States, 342 F.2d 807 (CA 8, 1965); Commonwealth v Robinson, 468 Pa. 575; 364 A.2d 665 (1976); State v Thompson, 88 Wn.2d 518; 564 P.2d 315 (1977); People v McGregor, ___ Colo App ___; 635 P.2d 912 (1981), and Brown v Commonwealth, 223 Va. 601; 292 S.E.2d 319 (1982). In cases where the privilege has been held to prevent the spouse's testimony, the crime against the spouse was either not prosecuted in the same proceeding or not prosecuted at all. See Anno: Competency of One Spouse To Testify Against Other in Prosecution for Offense Against Third Party as Affected by Fact That Offense Against Spouse Was Involved in Same Transaction, 36 ALR3d 820, and the cases discussed therein. Research has failed to uncover a single reported decision in which both crimes were prosecuted in the same proceeding and the spousal privilege was held to apply.
Defendant's second argument is that the trial court also erred by compelling Ms. Love to testify against her husband regarding the kidnapping charge where she was the victim and complainant. During oral argument before this Court, defendant relied upon People v Sykes, 117 Mich. App. 117; 323 N.W.2d 617 (1982). In Sykes, a panel of this Court recognized that the spousal privilege statute excepts the testimonial privilege where the cause of action arises from a personal wrong or injury done by one spouse to the other. Sykes, p 122. Nevertheless, the Sykes Court said:
"This exception was carved out for the benefit of the victim-spouse who wishes to testify regarding such a wrong or injury. We hold that the statutory exception to the spousal privilege is a permissive one. It allows the victim-spouse to testify against the defendant-spouse if the victim so desires. We do not interpret the exception to require the victim-spouse to testify against the defendant-spouse when the cause of action grows out of a personal injury or wrong done by the defendant to the victim." Sykes, pp 122-123.
We disagree. We hold that a spouse-witness who is a victim or complainant in an action arising out of a personal wrong or injury done by the other spouse may be compelled to testify. GCR 1963, 506.1.
The Sykes Court recognized that when an action arises out of a personal injury or wrong done by one spouse to another, "the need to preserve marital harmony is no longer compelling; presumably the wrong or injury has already disrupted such harmony". Sykes, p 122. Nevertheless, the Sykes Court justified its holding that the statutory exception to the spousal privilege is permissive by reasoning that,
"Although there is a presumption that marital harmony no longer exists when one spouse injures another, this is not conclusive. If the victim-spouse does not want to testify, and there is no indication that such a reluctance stems from fear of the defendant, some marital harmony may still exist between the parties. This is what the marital privilege statute aims to protect, and the statute's purpose should not be undercut by interpreting the exception as requiring the victim's testimony." Sykes, p 123.
The spousal privilege statute excepts the privilege when a cause of action involves a wrong or injury by one spouse against the other. Thus, that victim-spouse is equivalent to any other witness, and may, therefore, be compelled to testify under GCR 1963, 506. To create a common-law permissive privilege in such a situation broadens the impact of the spousal privilege rather than narrows it. Such a construction contravenes the principle that the court should employ all rational means for ascertaining the truth.
Moreover, the rationale for the Sykes rule, preservation of marital harmony, fails in this case. At the time of the incident in this case, defendant and his wife were separated. Ms. Love had filed divorce pleadings. At trial, defendant and his wife were still estranged. Therefore, there was no reason for the trial court to grant defendant's motion to suppress Ms. Love's testimony regarding the kidnapping charge on a presumption that some marital harmony still existed between the defendant and his wife.
Thus, we find that the trial court did not err by compelling Ms. Love to testify against her husband regarding the kidnapping charge.
Defendant's third argument is that the prosecutor presented insufficient evidence to find him guilty of kidnapping. The standard of review for sufficiency of the evidence in a bench trial is (1) whether the trial court clearly erred by ruling defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, People v Hubbard, 19 Mich. App. 407, 413; 172 N.W.2d 831 (1969), aff'd 387 Mich. 294 (1972), or (2) whether a rational trier of fact could find the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt, People v Hampton, 407 Mich. 354, 368; 285 N.W.2d 284 (1979). Applying either standard, People v Triplett, 105 Mich. App. 182, 190-191; 306 N.W.2d 442 (1981), we find that the prosecutor did sufficiently prove defendant guilty of kidnapping.
Defendant claims that the prosecutor presented insufficient evidence at trial to support a finding that he possessed the intent to kidnap. This Court has found that the element of intent may be inferred from the defendant's acts. People v Leon Morgan, 27 Mich. App. 388; 183 N.W.2d 617 (1970); People v Gill, 8 Mich. App. 89; 153 N.W.2d 678 (1967). This Court has also found that "[a] conviction of kidnapping requires proof of no intent more specific than an intent to confine or imprison another person against his will". People v Jones, 92 Mich. App. 100, 107; 284 N.W.2d 501 (1979).
The prosecutor in this case presented evidence that defendant told Ms. Love after he shot Mr. McQueen not to run away or he would kill her. Moreover, during the period defendant drove Mr. McQueen's car, Ms. Love asked to be taken home. Defendant told her she couldn't go home. During this period, defendant carried the pistol he had used to shoot Mr. McQueen. We find this evidence sufficient beyond a reasonable doubt for a rational factfinder to establish that defendant intended to kidnap his wife. The trial court did not clearly err in so finding.
Defendant's fourth and final argument in this appeal is that he was denied his right of allocution, GCR 1963, 785.8(2), at sentencing because he was not informed of the contents of his probation or clinic reports. Those reports were included with the defendant's presentence report. Defendant argues that if GCR 1963, 785.12, which requires disclosure of the contents of presentence reports to defense counsel, is to have any meaning, the record must reflect that defense counsel discussed the contents of the report with defendant. Otherwise a defendant cannot inform the court of inaccuracies when that defendant exercises his or her right of allocution.
GCR 1963, 785.12 provides in pertinent part:
"The sentencing court shall permit the defendant's attorney, or if the defendant is not represented by counsel, the defendant, to inspect the presentence report. The prosecution must also be shown the report. Both parties must be given an opportunity at the time of sentencing to explain or controvert any factual representations in the presentence report."
In People v Oster (On Resubmission), 97 Mich. App. 122, 139-140; 294 N.W.2d 253 (1980), lv den 411 Mich. 920 (1981), this Court addressed the same issue in light of the above court rule:
"Quite literally, this provision does not require that a defendant personally review a copy of the presentence report, so long as his attorney is given the opportunity to review the report. The right of allocution at sentencing guaranteed by GCR 1963, 785.8(2) has application with respect to GCR 1963, 785.12 only to the extent that it requires that the court 'give defendant and his attorney a reasonable opportunity to advise the court of any circumstances they believe the court should consider in imposing sentence.'"
At defendant's sentencing, his counsel stated on the record that he had read both the clinic and probation reports. Defense counsel said both reports included recommendations of a mild to moderate term of incarceration. The trial court gave defendant and his counsel ample opportunity to address the court. Both took that opportunity. Neither defendant nor his counsel challenged the accuracy of the probation or clinic reports. These facts convince this Court that the trial court complied with both GCR 1963, 785.8(2) and GCR 1963, 785.12. Thus, defendant was not denied his right of allocution.
Affirmed.