Summary
In Little, a division of this court concluded that a remand was necessary to determine why a judge who did not preside over the trial imposed the sentence.
Summary of this case from People v. KeyOpinion
No. 89CA1386
Decided March 14, 1991. Rehearing Denied April 18, 1991. Certiorari Denied July 29, 1991 (91SC289).
Appeal from the District Court of Routt County Honorable Rebecca Love Kourlis, Judge Honorable John W. Coughlin, Judge
Duane Woodard, Attorney General, Charles B. Howe, Chief Deputy Attorney General, Richard H. Forman, Solicitor General, Paul Koehler, Assistant Attorney General, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
David F. Vela, Colorado State Public Defender, William S. Schurman, Deputy State Public Defender, for Defendant-Appellant.
The defendant, Steve Little, appeals the judgment of conviction entered on a jury verdict finding him guilty of second degree burglary and theft and also challenges the propriety of the sentencing procedure. We affirm in part and remand with directions.
The prosecution's evidence indicated that, a few days after a burglary, defendant pawned two guns identified as having been taken in the burglary. The charges here at issue followed.
I.
The defendant argues that the instruction on possession of recently stolen goods, given to the jury, created a mandatory presumption in violation of his due process rights. We disagree.
The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment protects an accused against conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the criminal charge. The state has the burden of proving every element of the offense charged beyond a reasonable doubt, and it may not shift the burden of proof to the defendant by a presumption. A mandatory presumption which relieves the state of the burden of persuasion on an element of the offense violates the due process clause. See Jolly v. People, 742 P.2d 891 (Colo. 1987).
The instruction given to the jury was identical to the recommended instruction set forth in Wells v. People, 197 Colo. 350, 592 P.2d 1321 (1979). It was specifically drafted so as to create a permissive inference and protect a defendant's due process rights. Nonetheless, the defendant asserts that under Sandstrom v. Montana, 442 U.S. 510, 99 S.Ct. 2450, 61 L.Ed.2d 39 (1979) and Francis v. Franklin, 471 U.S. 307, 105 S.Ct. 1965, 85 L.Ed.2d 344 (1985), decided subsequent to Wells v. People, supra, the instruction created a mandatory presumption and, therefore, violated his due process rights. We do not so read the instruction.
In Francis v. Franklin, supra, the court stated:
"A mandatory presumption instructs the jury that it must infer the presumed fact if the State proves certain predicate facts. A permissive inference suggests to the jury a possible conclusion to be drawn if the State proves predicate facts, but does not require the jury to draw that conclusion.
. . . .
"A permissive inference violates the Due Process Clause only if the suggested conclusion is not one that reason and common sense justify in light of the proven facts before the jury."
In Sandstrom v. Montana, supra, the court explained that, whether an instruction creates a mandatory presumption or a permissive inference, "depends upon the way in which a reasonable juror could have interpreted the instruction."
Despite the use of the word "inference," throughout the instruction given in this case, the defendant argues that the instruction almost compels a verdict of guilt if the defendant's possession is found to have been exclusive, unexplained, and soon after the theft. Further, he contends that the following paragraph improperly shifts the burden to the defendant to explain the recent possession:
"Exclusive possession of property recently stolen in a burglary and theft, if not explained so to raise a reasonable doubt as to the defendant's guilt, is ordinarily a circumstance from which the jury may draw an inference and find, in the light of surrounding circumstances shown by the evidence in the case, that the person in possession participated in the burglary and theft."
We conclude that the inference created is permissive, not mandatory. The instruction tells the jury that it "may" draw an inference, that it is "permitted" to infer, and that:
"The defendant's possession of the recently stolen property does not shift the burden of proof. The burden of proof is always with the People to prove beyond a reasonable doubt every essential element of burglary and theft."
We note also that in People v. Hampton, 758 P.2d 1344 (Colo. 1988), this instruction was again approved, after Sandstrom v. Montana, supra and Francis v. Franklin, supra, had been announced.
II.
The defendant next contends that the sentence must be vacated because it was imposed by a different judge than the one who presided over the trial. He argues that "it was error for a judge, other than the trial judge to impose sentence when no disability or other reason was shown." We conclude that this matter requires further action by the trial court.
This situation is controlled by Crim. P. 25 which provides:
"If by reason of absence from the district, death, sickness, or other disability, the judge before whom the defendant was tried is unable to perform the duties to be performed by the court after a verdict or finding, any other judge regularly sitting in or assigned to the court may perform those duties . . . ."
The record does not reflect the reason for substitution of a different judge for sentencing. The defendant urges us to interpret the rule so as to permit a substitution of judges only when an emergency or a situation beyond the control of the original judge is shown. He relies primarily on ABA, Standards for Criminal Justice, Standard 18-6.1 (2d ed. 1980) which provides that the sentencing judge should be the judge who presided at trial unless compelling reasons dictate otherwise. He also relies on authority from other jurisdictions, which have interpreted their rule to allow substitution only if compelling reasons exist. See Lawley v. State, 377 So.2d 824 (Fla.App. 1979); State v. Bowen, 531 P.2d 837 (Wash.App. 1975); U.S. v. Bowser, 497 F.2d 1017 (4th Cir. 1974).
Based on the language of Crim. P. 25, we decline to adopt the interpretation urged by the defendant. The rule states no requirement that there be a showing of an emergency or other situation beyond the control of the original judge and, absent such a requirement, we will not incorporate it by judicial interpretation. Accordingly, we hold that so long as a justifiable reason is shown, a substitution of judges is permitted.
However, there is no statement in the record of the reason for the substitution of a different judge for sentencing. Therefore, the cause is remanded for statement of the reason underlying the change in judge. If the reason is one of those specified in Crim. P. 25, the sentence is affirmed; if not, the sentence is vacated and the defendant shall be resentenced by the judge who presided over the trial.
The judgment of conviction is affirmed, and the cause is remanded for further proceedings in regard to the sentence imposed.
JUDGE PIERCE concurs.
JUDGE DUBOFSKY specially concurs.