Opinion
Docket No. 178373.
Submitted November 14, 1996, at Detroit.
Decided May 23, 1997, at 9:00 A.M. Leave to appeal sought.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, Richard Thompson, Prosecuting Attorney, Joyce F. Todd, Chief, Appellate Division, and Marilyn J. Day, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Kent B. Willis, for the defendant.
Defendant pleaded guilty to desertion and abandonment. MCL 750.161; MSA 28.358. He admitted that he failed to provide support for his minor child, Christine, from January 1, 1990 through July 27, 1992. The trial court sentenced defendant to two to three years' imprisonment and ordered him to pay restitution in the amount of $89,083.91 plus interest.
Defendant appeals as of right from the order of restitution, arguing that the trial court abused its discretion in requiring him to pay for losses not proven to result from his criminal behavior. He asserts that the court erred in ordering restitution without considering his ability to pay. He argues that no authority exists for restitution of child support accruing before the effective date of the Crime Victim's Rights Act, MCL 780.751 et seq.; MSA 28.1287(751) et seq. Finally, he alleges that the court abused its discretion in ordering him to pay interest as part of the restitution order. We affirm in part, reverse in part and remand.
I
Jacqueline Ernest and defendant were divorced on May 14, 1979. The judgment required defendant to pay $43 per child per week to support his two children. However, defendant paid no child support. He also failed to pay a $41,732.34 medical bill that Christine incurred when critically injured in a car accident at age fifteen. He neglected to provide medical insurance for the children as obligated by the judgment of divorce.
At the restitution hearing, the prosecutor argued that defendant should pay $140,706.33. That figure included (1) the total child support owed from 1979 to the present, (2) interest on that amount, (3) Christine's outstanding medical bill, and (4) future medical expenses for Christine, who needed additional surgical operations due to the car accident. The trial court ordered defendant to pay $89,083.91 plus interest on child support that came due after July 6, 1987. The court did not order defendant to pay future medical expenses, as they could not be readily ascertained.
II
Defendant argues that the restitution order should be vacated, because the prosecutor failed to establish criminal liability for the arrearage beyond the period from January 1, 1990 to July 27, 1992. We disagree.
The order of restitution in this case arises under sections 16 and 17 of the Crime Victim's Rights Act. MCL 780.766; MSA 28.1287(766) and MCL 780.767; MSA 28.1287(767); People v White, 212 Mich. App. 298, 315; 536 N.W.2d 876 (1995). Section 16 states in pertinent part:
(2) Except as provided in this section and section 17 [MCL 780.767; MSA 28.1287(767)], the court, when sentencing a defendant convicted of a crime, shall order, in addition to or in lieu of any other penalty authorized by law or in addition to any other penalty required by law, that the defendant make full or partial restitution to any victim of the defendant's course of conduct that gives rise to the conviction, or to the victim's estate. [MCL 780.766;MSA 28.1287(766)].
In interpreting the act, this Court declined a request to construe the statute narrowly to allow restitution only for losses caused by the specific conduct that was the basis of defendant's conviction. People v Persails, 192 Mich. App. 380; 481 N.W.2d 747 (1991). Persails required the defendant to pay restitution for uncharged malicious destruction of property offenses. The Court reasoned that, but for defendant's plea, the prosecution would have charged defendant with and secured a conviction for the property destruction. Id. at 383.
We have also stated that restitution is not a substitute for civil damages, but encompasses only those losses that are easily ascertained and are a direct result of a defendant's criminal conduct. People v Orweller, 197 Mich. App. 136, 140; 494 N.W.2d 753 (1992); People v Tyler, 188 Mich. App. 83, 89; 468 N.W.2d 537 (1991).
In the case before us, we agree with the trial court that the unpaid child support and medical expenses were attributable to defendant's course of conduct of neglecting his children. Persails, supra. Moreover the expenses were easily ascertainable. Tyler, supra. Documentation was submitted to the trial court during the restitution hearing verifying the amounts owed. Finally, the losses were the direct result of defendant's criminal act of abandoning his children. Id. Therefore, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by ordering defendant to pay the back child support and Christine's unpaid medical bills.
III
Defendant also argues that the trial court erred by imposing restitution without making the required statutory findings or determining whether he had the financial resources to pay. During the restitution hearing, the court stated that it was not necessary to inquire into defendant's ability to pay restitution, because defendant did not claim a lack of resources. We agree with defendant that the trial court failed to follow the statutory guidelines before ordering restitution.
MCL 780.767(1); MSA 28.1287(767)(1) provides:
The court, in determining whether to order restitution under [MCL 780.766; MSA 28.1287(766)] and the amount of that restitution, shall consider the amount of the loss sustained by any victim as a result of the offense, the financial resources and earning ability of the defendant, the financial needs of the defendant and the defendant's dependents, and such other factors as the court considers appropriate.
Furthermore, MCL 780.766(13); MSA 28.1287(766)(13) provides:
In determining the amount of restitution, the court shall consider the defendant's earning ability, financial resources, and any other special circumstances that may have a bearing on the defendant's ability to pay.
Our Court has recently clarified that a hearing on a defendant's ability to pay restitution need be held only if the defendant asserts an inability to pay. People v Grant, 210 Mich. App. 467, 472-473; 534 N.W.2d 149 (1995), lv gtd 450 Mich. 964 (1996). However, even where an evidentiary hearing on the subject is not required, pursuant to the statutory language, the trial court must consider the enumerated factors in the Crime Victim's Rights Act before ordering restitution. People v Hart, 211 Mich. App. 703, 707; 536 N.W.2d 605 (1995); Grant, supra.
Here, we agree with the trial court that an evidentiary hearing to determine defendant's ability to make restitution was not required. Defendant did not assert an inability. Rather, he argued that the prosecutor should have to prove that he had the ability to pay for the period preceding January, 1990, before restitution could be ordered for that time period. The two arguments are not the same. Because defendant never asserted an inability to pay restitution, no hearing on that subject was required. Grant, supra.
However, we agree with defendant that the trial court failed to properly address the statutory factors before ordering restitution. The trial court first asserted that it need not consider defendant's ability to pay. Later, it stated:
Neither party addressed defendant's financial situation. Defendant testified that he had been employed since 1991 but offered no further information. The presentence report indicates that defendant has consistently maintained employment since 1983, earning anywhere from $7 to $9 an hour, and that prior to returning to Michigan to face the present charge, he was earning $9 an hour, which translates to $18,720 a year. Given defendant's income plus the fact that he clearly had the ability to pay the child support ordered by the court and willfully refused to do so, the Court finds that defendant repay the full amount of restitution attributable to his conduct.
It is unclear whether the trial court actually considered defendant's current ability to pay the full restitution amount. The court initially stated it did not have to consider defendant's financial ability Then it seemed to partially address it, finding that there was little information before it. However, the fact that defendant had the ability to pay child support from 1979 until January 1, 1990, does not mean that he had the financial resources to pay at the time of the hearing. Therefore, we vacate the restitution order and remand to the trial court to address the statutory factors before ordering restitution. A full hearing is not necessary. If upon considering the proper factors for imposing restitution, however, the trial court determines that a hearing is needed due to a lack of evidence, it shall hold a hearing. Grant, supra at 473, n 3.
IV
Next, defendant argues that the trial court lacked the authority to order restitution under the Crime Victim's Rights Act for any period falling before the effective date of the act.
Generally, statutory amendments are presumed to operate prospectively, unless either they are procedural or the Legislature indicates an intent to give them retroactive effect. Detroit v Walker, 445 Mich. 682, 704; 520 N.W.2d 135 (1994); People v Russo, 439 Mich. 584, 594; 487 N.W.2d 698 (1992). A law may not apply retroactively if it abrogates or impairs vested rights or creates new obligations. In re Certified Questions (Karl v Bryant Air Conditioning Co), 416 Mich. 558, 572; 331 N.W.2d 456 (1982).
In this case, both §§ 16 and 17 of the Crime Victim's Rights Act were enacted as part of 1985 PA 87, effective October 9, 1985. Although the Crime Victim's Rights Act does not apply to crimes occurring before October 9, 1985, the charged crime in this case occurred after the statute's effective date. Therefore, the trial court could award restitution for the defendant's course of conduct in neglecting his children.
V
Finally, we agree with defendant that the trial court erred in ordering that defendant pay interest on the restitution award.
In awarding interest on the unpaid child support and medical expenses, the trial court relied on Langford v Langford, 196 Mich. App. 297; 492 N.W.2d 524 (1992). In Langford, this Court held that, under MCL 552.603; MSA 25.164(3) and MCL 600.6013(1); MSA 27A.6013(1), statutory interest must be added to child support arrearage orders entered after July 6, 1987. While interest is allowed on a money judgment recovered in a civil action, the instant case involves restitution under a criminal statute: the Crime Victim's Rights Act. There is no provision in the act for the imposition of interest on a restitution amount. Moreover, restitution is not a substitute for civil damages. Tyler, supra. Accordingly, interest on the restitution amount should not be ordered on remand.
We vacate the restitution order and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.