Summary
holding that person charged with both theft by taking and theft by receiving could not be convicted of both charges
Summary of this case from People v. SmithOpinion
No. 24969
Decided December 18, 1972.
Defendant was convicted of burglary, conspiracy to commit burglary, theft (by taking), conspiracy to commit theft (by taking), theft (by receiving), and conspiracy to commit theft (by receiving) and appealed.
Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part.
1. RECEIVING STOLEN GOODS — Evidence — Sufficient — Theft by Receiving — Testimony — Television Sets — Purchase — Jury — Infer — Knowledge. Evidence was amply sufficient to support conviction of defendant under the count of theft by receiving where record reflects that witness, with some corroboration, testified that defendant appeared at witness' home, purchased the television sets, stated that he would take all the color television sets that witness could provide, and where jury could infer that defendant knew the sets were to be stolen.
2. CRIMINAL LAW — Principal — Agree in Advance — Buy — Stolen Property — Theft — Punishment. If one agrees in advance to buy stolen property knowing that the property is to be stolen, he thereby encourages the perpetration of the theft; and, if the crime is committed, he is deemed and considered as principal and punished accordingly.
3. THEFT — By Taking — Television Sets — Provide — Defendant — Knowledge — Stolen — Evidence — Instruction — Accessory — Principal. Where record reflects that defendant had stated prior to theft that he would take all the color television sets that a certain party could provide, and there was evidence from which a jury could properly infer that defendant knew that the television sets would be stolen, held, under the circumstances, the evidence was sufficient to permit submission of the theft (by taking) count to the jury, it being properly instructed as to an accessory becoming liable as a principal.
4. BURGLARY — Conviction — Negative — Evidence — Take — Television Sets — Theft — Defendant — Burglaries — Uninformed. On the basis of evidence presented — that defendant allegedly told witnesses from whom he had purchased stolen television sets that he would take all color television sets witness could provide — defendant could not properly be convicted of burglary since record failed to disclose that defendant was informed that burglaries would be committed and since it was conceivable that witness might have obtained sets by theft without commission of a burglary.
5. CONSPIRACY — Elements — Evidence — Jury — Theft by Taking — Theft by Receiving. On each of the three elements of a conspiracy, namely, (1) an agreement (2) between two or more persons (3) to commit a crime, the People presented sufficient evidence from which a jury could find that the defendant conspired to commit theft (by taking) and theft (by receiving).
6. SEARCHES AND SEIZURES — Search Warrants — Common Sense — Test — Interpretation. Search warrants are to be tested and interpreted in a "common sense and realistic fashion."
7. Television Sets — Receipts — Rental Contracts — Warrant — Description — Sufficient. Receipts and rental contracts pertaining to trucks — which were to be used for transportation of stolen goods — were sufficiently within search warrant's description of property to be seized, namely, several specifically described television sets, as well as "all papers, receipts or ledgers tending to establish disposition" of such sets.
8. RECEIVING STOLEN GOODS — Charge — Negative — Participation — Larceny. When one has actively participated in a larceny he cannot be charged with receiving goods there stolen.
9. Principal — Accessory — Purchase — Knowledge — Stolen — Conviction — — Either of Offenses. One who is a principal to larceny by reason of being an accessory and who purchases the fruits of that larceny knowing them to be stolen can be convicted under either of the offenses of larceny or receiving stolen goods; but such person cannot be convicted of both offenses.
10. THEFT — By Taking — Conspiracy — Receiving — Trial Court — One or Two Courses — Not Both. Although defendant was properly charged in separate counts of theft by taking, conspiracy to commit that offense, theft by receiving, and conspiracy to commit that offense, and although there was sufficient evidence to support conviction on each of the counts, the trial court should have taken one of two courses: It could have required the People to elect between the theft (by taking) and related conspiracy count on the one hand and the theft (by receiving) and related conspiracy count on the other; or it could have instructed the jury that it could find defendant guilty of theft by taking or theft by receiving, but not both, and if it found him guilty of one theft count, it might find him guilty of the related conspiracy count but not for the other conspiracy count.
11. RECEIVING STOLEN GOODS — Objective — Theft by Taking — Vacated — Theft by Receiving — Affirmed — New Trial — Negative. Since the objective of the defendant was to receive stolen property, the theft (by taking) and the related conspiracy convictions should be vacated and the theft (by receiving) and the accompanying conspiracy convictions should be affirmed; there is no necessity to remand case for a new trial.
12. THEFT — Television Sets — Testimony — Subsequent Offense — Admissible — — Similar Transaction — Plan. In prosecution pertaining to theft of three television sets, testimony relating to subsequent theft of other sets, which took place three days after the prior theft, was admissible as evidence of a similar transaction showing plan, scheme, design, intent or guilty knowledge.
13. CRIMINAL EVIDENCE — Separate Transactions — Inadmissible — Exception. Generally, evidence of separate and distinct criminal transactions is inadmissible; but an exception to this rule is that evidence of similar criminal transactions is admissible for the purpose of showing plan, scheme, design, intent or guilty knowledge.
Appeal from the District Court of the City and County of Denver, Honorable Mitchel B. Johns, Judge.
Duke W. Dunbar, Attorney General, John P. Moore, Deputy, David A. Sorenson, Assistant, for plaintiff-appellee.
Mellman, Mellman and Thorn, P.C., Isaac Mellman, for defendant-appellant.
The defendant Stanley Lamirato was convicted of the following six charges: burglary; conspiracy to commit burglary; theft (by taking); conspiracy to commit theft (by taking); theft (by receiving); and conspiracy to commit theft (by receiving). All six counts related to the theft of three television sets from Mid-Continent Appliance Distributors, Inc., on August 12, 1969.
The defendant received consecutive sentences on the burglary and conspiracy to commit burglary convictions. Sentences on the remaining four counts were to be served concurrently with the sentences imposed for the burglary count.
The witness Stapleton, with some corroboration, testified as to the facts contained in the following four paragraphs.
Around the first part of August, 1969, Stapleton was approached by two individuals who were attempting to sell certain stolen television sets. Stapleton called a billiard parlor and the party answering informed him that a man would meet him at Stapleton's home and purchase the sets. Subsequently, the defendant appeared at Sapleton's home and purchased the sets. Stapleton followed the defendant to his motel where the defendant stated that he would take all the color television sets that Stapleton could provide.
On August 12, 1969, Stapleton and another stole three television sets from Mid-Continent Appliance Distributors, Inc. Stapleton then called the defendant and told him that he had three color television sets to sell. Later that same day, the defendant purchased the three sets.
On the evening of August 12, 1969, the defendant supplied Stapleton with an old truck to be used in obtaining further TV sets. The defendant also promised to supply Stapleton with legal assistance and bail if he were apprehended. On that same evening, the truck had a flat tire and the defendant instructed Stapleton to leave it at a gas station. The next day, August 13, 1969, the defendant delivered to Stapleton a rented U-Haul truck, instructing Stapleton to abandon it if he were caught.
On August 14, Stapleton stole four additional television sets and sold them to the defendant. On August 15, using another U-Haul truck which defendant had rented that day, Stapleton and others stole television sets from one store in Boulder, Colorado, and were apprehended while attempting to steal sets from another store.
After the defendant was informed of Stapleton's arrest, he reported to the police that the U-Haul truck had been stolen. At trial, the defendant admitted that he intentionally filed a false theft report after learning of Stapleton's arrest.
I. Sufficiency of the Evidence
The defendant argues that there was insufficient evidence to permit submission of all counts to the jury except Count 5, theft by receiving. The defendant states that, "as to Count 5, it may be that the evidence considered in the best light possible for the prosecution, was established. . . ." Indeed, the evidence was amply sufficient to support the conviction under Count 5.
[2,3] As to the theft (by taking) count, the defendant was necessarily convicted as a principal through the accessory statute, C.R.S. 1963, 40-1-12. In Miller v. People, 92 Colo. 481, 22 P.2d 626 (1933), it was stated:
"If one agrees in advance to buy stolen property, knowing that the property is to be stolen, he thereby encourages the perpetration of the theft, and, if the crime is committed, he is 'deemed and considered as principal and punished accordingly.'"
There was evidence presented at trial to the effect that the defendant had stated, prior to the theft on August 12, 1969, that he would take all the color television sets Stapleton could provide. Further, there was evidence from which a jury could properly infer that the defendant knew that the television sets would be stolen. Thus the evidence was sufficient to permit submission of the theft (by taking) count to the jury, it being properly instructed as to an accessory becoming liable as a principal.
The People have not specifically discussed the sufficiency of the evidence in relation to the burglary conviction but have suggested that it was sufficient. Although the evidence would warrant submission of the theft (by taking) count to the jury under the rule established in Miller v. People, supra, we do not believe that rule should be extended to permit submission of the burglary count under the facts of this case.
The record did not disclose that the defendant was informed that burglaries would be committed. It is conceivable that Stapleton might have obtained sets by theft without commission of a burglary. The People have cited no case, and we have been unable to locate any case, which supports a burglary conviction on the basis of the evidence presented here. We therefore reverse the defendant's burglary conviction and, for similar reasons, the defendant's conviction of conspiracy to commit burglary. Carter v. People, 169 Colo. 531, 458 P.2d 236 (1969).
The elements of a conspiracy were recently set forth in Young v. People, 180 Colo. 62, 502 P.2d 81 (1972) as follows: "(1) an agreement (2) between two or more persons (3) to commit a crime." On each of these elements, the People presented sufficient evidence from which a jury could find that the defendant conspired to commit theft (by taking) and theft (by receiving).
II. Motion to Suppress
Certain items of evidence were seized under a search warrant. The affidavit upon which the search warrant was predicated disclosed that Stapleton had told the affiant (who executed the warrant) about how the defendant furnished him trucks. The property described in the warrant consisted of several specifically described television sets, as well as "all papers, receipts or ledgers tending to establish disposition" of such TV sets. The defendant moved to suppress property seized pursuant to the warrant and the trial court denied the motion. On this appeal, the sole error urged by the defendant in this regard is that two of the items seized had nothing to do with the disposition of the stolen property. These two items were: (1) a receipt for payment of U-Haul truck rental charges incurred and paid by the defendant when he rented a U-Haul truck on August 13, 1969, and returned the truck on August 14, 1969; and (2) a copy of a rental contract on a U-Haul truck entered into by the defendant on August 15, 1969.
[6,7] Search warrants are to be tested and interpreted in a "common sense and realistic fashion." United States v. Vantresca, 380 U.S. 102, 85 S.Ct. 741, 13 L.Ed.2d 684 (1965); People v. Schmidt, 172 Colo. 285, 473 P.2d 698 (1970); and see Stewart v. People, 161 Colo. 1, 419 P.2d 650 (1966). Under the facts here, the receipts and rental contracts pertaining to the trucks — which were to be used for transportation of stolen goods — were sufficiently within the warrant description.
III. Motion to Elect
At the close of the People's evidence, the defendant made a general motion to require the People to elect among the counts. The motion was denied and the defendant now urges that the People should have been required to elect between the theft (by taking) and theft (by receiving) counts. The People indicated during oral argument of this case, and we agree, that the defendant could not be convicted on both charges.
[8,9] This court has stated on at least two occasions that when one has actively participated in a larceny he cannot be charged with receiving goods there stolen. Burns v. People, 148 Colo. 245, 365 P.2d 698 (1961); and People v. Spinuzza, 99 Colo. 303, 62 P.2d 471 (1936). See Annot., 136 A.L.R. 1087. We follow the rule that one who is a principal to larceny by reason of being an accessory and who purchases the fruits of that larceny knowing them to be stolen can be convicted under either of the offenses of larceny or receiving stolen goods. The cases which so rule also hold, as do we, that the person cannot be convicted of both offenses. Glass v. United States, 351 F.2d 678 (10th Cir. 1965); State v. Schoene, 10 Or. App. 390, 499 P.2d 834 (1972); and People v. Sparks, 24 App. Div. 2d 538, 261 N.Y.S.2d 506 (1965).
Although the defendant was properly charged in separate counts with theft (by taking), conspiracy to commit theft (by taking), theft (by receiving) and conspiracy to commit theft (by receiving), and although there was sufficient evidence to support conviction on each of the counts, the trial court should have taken one of two courses: It could have required the People to elect between the theft (by taking) and related conspiracy count on the one hand and the theft (by receiving) and related conspiracy count on the other. Or it could have instructed the jury that it could find the defendant guilty of theft (by taking) or theft (by receiving), but not both, and, if it found the defendant guilty of one theft count, it might find him guilty of the related conspiracy count but not the other conspiracy count. See Small v. People, 173 Colo. 304, 479 P.2d 386 (1970) and Peters v. People, 151 Colo. 35, 376 P.2d 170 (1962).
There is no necessity to remand this case for a new trial. Since the objective of the defendant was to receive stolen property, the theft (by taking) and the related conspiracy convictions should be vacated and the theft (by receiving) and the accompanying conspiracy convictions should be affirmed.
IV. Subsequent Transactions
The defendant argues that the trial court committed prejudicial error by permitting the introduction of testimony relating to transactions or offenses occurring subsequent to the offenses for which the defendant was charged. In particular, the defendant objects to testimony relating to the theft of certain television sets by Stapleton and others in Boulder, Colorado, on August 15, 1969, three days after the thefts from Mid-Continent Appliance Distributors, Inc.
Generally, evidence of separate and distinct criminal transactions is inadmissible. Clews v. People, 151 Colo. 219, 377 P.2d 125 (1962). However, the exception to this rule, which was properly applied here, is that evidence of similar transactions is admissible for the purpose of showing plan, scheme, design, intent or guilty knowledge. Kennard v. People, 171 Colo. 194, 465 P.2d 509 (1970). The procedural requirements of Stull v. People, 140 Colo. 278, 344 P.2d 455 (1959) were scrupulously followed by the People and the trial court.
V. Other Assignments
The remaining assignments of error are without merit.
The convictions of theft (by receiving) and conspiracy to commit that type of theft are affirmed, except that the trial court may resentence the defendant as to those convictions. The remaining convictions are reversed with directions to sustain the defendant's motions for acquittal as to them. The case is remanded for these purposes.
Judgment accordingly.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE PRINGLE and MR. JUSTICE KELLEY specially concur.