Opinion
Docket No. 82360.
Decided January 2, 1987.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, Harold F. Closz III, Prosecuting Attorney, and Judith K. Simonson, Senior Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Justian Veurink (by David R. Justian), for defendant.
Defendant, Noah George King, appeals from his conviction for first-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520b(1)(b); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(b). He raises six evidentiary issues, which he asserts entitle him to a new trial, and also argues that he was improperly sentenced to from thirty to one hundred years incarceration. We affirm the conviction, but remand for resentencing.
The defendant first challenges the admission of scientific evidence of the chemical content of a substance found in the victim's vagina. Two tests, one manually administered and one conducted by a machine known as the automatic chemical analyzer (ACA), showed the presence of acid phosphotase in the substance. Experts testified that the acid phosphotase disclosed the presence of semen, although no sperm were found in the samples. Other witnesses testified that the defendant had had a vasectomy.
The defendant argues that the use of the ACA to test for acid phosphotase constitutes a novel scientific test that must be shown to be reliable under the standards announced in People v Davis, 343 Mich. 348; 72 N.W.2d 269 (1955), and Frye v United States, 54 US App. DC 46; 293 F. 1013 (1923). Under the Davis-Frye rule, novel scientific evidence must be shown to have gained general acceptance in the scientific community to be admissible at trial. People v Young, 418 Mich. 1, 17-18; 340 N.W.2d 805 (1983). The purpose of the rule "is to prevent the jury from relying on unproven and ultimately unsound scientific methods." People v Gonzales, 415 Mich. 615, 623; 329 N.W.2d 743 (1982). Proof of the general acceptability of scientific evidence must be established by disinterested and impartial experts. People v Barbara, 400 Mich. 352, 358; 255 N.W.2d 171 (1977).
Three experts testified regarding the chemical process of the ACA, its reliability and the procedure used to test the sample in the instant case. Dr. Gilleland, a physician, related the widespread use of the ACA in hospitals throughout the country, and testified that physicians routinely relied upon its accuracy. Mr. Dobry, Chief Technician at the Muskegon Hospital, testified similarly. None of the expert witnesses proffered by the prosecution were affiliated with a law enforcement agency or financially interested in the use of the ACA and were, therefore, competent to establish the test's reliability. People v Bunting, 145 Mich. App. 210, 212-213; 377 N.W.2d 307 (1985). In addition, the procedural propriety of the particular test given was properly shown by direct as well as circumstantial evidence. Zyskowski v Habelmann, 150 Mich. App. 230, 244; 388 N.W.2d 315 (1986).
Significantly, there was no testimony to refute the reliability of the ACA. Cf., People v Young (After Remand), 425 Mich. 470; 391 N.W.2d 270 (1986) (accuracy of electrophoresis of evidentiary bloodstains disputed among experts so results not admissible). The defendant's own expert testified that the acid phosphotase in the samples showed semen, and the test results were also corroborated by the independent manual test, the accuracy of which the defendant does not challenge. The testimony was sufficient to meet the Davis-Frye standard. It was at most harmless error that some of the testimony was propounded at a posttrial hearing. People v Haggart, 142 Mich. App. 330, 344-345; 370 N.W.2d 345 (1985).
The defendant next argues that the trial court erred in admitting the testimony of Dr. deYoung, an expert in the dynamics of incestuous families. Dr. deYoung's testimony, concerning the psychological profiles of members of such families, was admitted ostensibly to assist the jury in understanding the evidence of incest. People v Draper, 150 Mich. App. 481, 487-488; 389 N.W.2d 89 (1986). Even if, as defendant argues, the prejudicial effect of this testimony outweighed its probative value, any error in its admission must be considered harmless in light of the compelling evidence of defendant's guilt, especially the evidence that defendant had had a vasectomy and that the semen taken from the victim was aspermic. See People v Wallach (On Second Remand), 143 Mich. App. 537; 372 N.W.2d 609 (1985).
The defendant also asserts that the trial court erred in excluding a book review article which he sought to use to impeach Dr. deYoung pursuant to MRE 707. We agree with the trial court that this article is not the type of work contemplated by MRE 707. Defendant proffered the article as a critique on the scientific subject of psychology, but the article was a book review more properly viewed as a discussion of literary value. We also note that the criticism contained in the article was brought out by defense counsel in his cross-examination of Dr. deYoung. There is no basis for reversal here.
The defendant's argument that hearsay evidence was improperly admitted is also without merit. The hearsay statements were purposely elicited by his own lawyer and, upon questioning by the trial court, it was specified that the hearsay was sought "for trial strategy." By the defense's own injection of the hearsay and failure to object, the evidentiary issue has been waived. People v McKeever, 123 Mich. App. 533, 538; 332 N.W.2d 596 (1983), lv den 417 Mich. 1100.9 (1983); People v Stanton, 97 Mich. App. 453, 460; 296 N.W.2d 70 (1980), lv den 417 Mich. 941 (1982). Nor did defense counsel's trial strategy deny defendant effective assistance of counsel. People v Garcia, 398 Mich. 250, 266; 247 N.W.2d 547 (1976), reh den 399 Mich. 1041 (1977); People v Simmons, 140 Mich. App. 681, 685; 364 N.W.2d 783 (1985), lv den 422 Mich. 963 (1985).
We also conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding testimony from the defendant regarding what might have been said to his daughters by their aunt. While we agree that the statements were not hearsay because not offered for the truth of the matter asserted, People v Eggleston, 148 Mich. App. 494, 502; 384 N.W.2d 811 (1986), the testimony sought to be admitted was raised at a time and under circumstances that would only serve to mislead, confuse and unduly prejudice the jury. MRE 403. The burden of controlling the introduction of such evidence is on the trial court, whose decision will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion. People v Holliday, 144 Mich. App. 560, 573-574; 376 N.W.2d 154 (1985), lv den 424 Mich. 902 (1986). There was no abuse here.
Defendant's final evidentiary argument is that the trial court erred in excluding testimony to the effect that he was a good man. Evidence of a person's character, including his truthfulness and veracity, is limited to testimony regarding the person's reputation for that character trait. MRE 405(a); MRE 803(21); People v McWilson, 104 Mich. App. 550, 558; 305 N.W.2d 536 (1981). Thus, testimony regarding a person's character can only relate what the witness has heard others say about the person's reputation, People v Morrin, 31 Mich. App. 301, 336; 187 N.W.2d 434 (1971), lv den 385 Mich. 775 (1971), and cannot relate specific instances of the person's conduct or the witness's personal opinion as to the person's character. People v Bartlett, 312 Mich. 648, 662; 20 N.W.2d 758 (1945); People v McWilson, supra.
The proposed character witnesses were wholly unable to testify that they knew what the defendant's reputation was in the community, regardless of how community is defined. Rather, the witnesses stated that they personally believed the defendant was honest, or related specific instances of the defendant's trustworthy conduct. Such testimony does not rise to the level of admissible character evidence. People v Schultz, 316 Mich. 106, 109; 25 N.W.2d 128 (1946). The trial court correctly ruled that the defendant had failed to lay a foundation for admission of this testimony as character evidence.
Turning to the sentencing, the trial court determined that a twenty-year minimum sentence was appropriate. However, because of the possible impact of various early release programs, including the Prison Overcrowding Emergency Powers Act, MCL 800.71 et seq.; MSA 28.1437(1) et seq., the defendant's sentence was recalculated to a minimum of thirty years incarceration to prevent release before the twenty years had expired. It is improper to lengthen a sentence as a buffer against possible sentence time reductions resulting from invocation of the emergency powers act. People v Lundy, 145 Mich. App. 847, 849-850; 378 N.W.2d 622 (1985). In fact, the act has not been invoked since shortly after defendant's sentence was imposed, and the governor has declared his unwillingness to invoke it. The trial court's sentence is therefore improper and must be vacated. People v Humble, 146 Mich. App. 198, 201; 379 N.W.2d 422 (1985).
Absent the invalid consideration of the emergency powers act, the trial court's sentencing was proper. Provided that a defendant is given the opportunity to rebut derogatory information, no constitutional infirmity results from the use of hearsay information in determining an appropriate sentence. People v Potrafka, 140 Mich. App. 749, 751-752; 366 N.W.2d 35 (1985), lv den 422 Mich. 962 (1985); People v Books, 95 Mich. App. 500, 503-504; 291 N.W.2d 94 (1980). In arriving at twenty years as the appropriate minimum sentence, the trial court considered the severity of the crime, its effect upon the victim, the defendant's personal history, punishment, protection of society and deterrence of others. These are all proper criteria. People v Ross, 145 Mich. App. 483, 495; 378 N.W.2d 517 (1985). Under the circumstances, twenty years incarceration does not shock our judicial conscience under People v Coles, 417 Mich. 523; 339 N.W.2d 440 (1983).
The defendant's conviction is affirmed. However, because the sentence was improperly enhanced by consideration of the possible early release of the defendant, the sentence is vacated and this case is remanded for resentencing. We do not retain jurisdiction.