Opinion
C097389
07-14-2023
The PEOPLE, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Kelly Vaughn KIMBLE, Defendant and Appellant.
William Safford, Palo Alto, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant. Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Darren K. Indermill and John W. Powell, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
William Safford, Palo Alto, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Darren K. Indermill and John W. Powell, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
KRAUSE, J.
In November 2008, the trial court sentenced defendant Kelly Vaughn Kimble to 25 years to life under the former Three Strikes law, plus an additional year for a prior prison term enhancement. In October 2022, defendant appeared for resentencing pursuant to Senate Bill No. 483 (2021-2022 Reg. Sess.) (Senate Bill 483) (Stats. 2021, ch. 728, § 3), codified as Penal Code section 1172.75. At the hearing, the trial court struck defendant's prior prison term enhancement, but otherwise left his sentence intact. Defendant appeals, arguing the trial court erred in resentencing him under Senate Bill 483 without applying the revised penalty provisions of the Three Strikes Reform Act of 2012 (Reform Act or Act) (Prop. 36, as approved by voters, Gen. Elec. (Nov. 6, 2012)). We disagree and affirm. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Undesignated section references are to the Penal Code.
This statute was formerly section 1171.1, but it was renumbered to section 1172.75. (Assem. Bill No. 200 (2021-2022 Reg. Sess.) (Stats. 2022, ch. 58, § 12).)
In July 2008, a jury found defendant guilty of stalking (§ 646.9) which, at the time, constituted a third strike, as he had prior convictions for attempted kidnapping and criminal threats. Accordingly, the trial court sentenced defendant to 25 years to life under the Three Strikes law (former §§ 667, subds. (b)-(i), 1170.12), plus a one-year prior prison term enhancement. (§ 667.5, subd. (b).) We affirmed his sentence on appeal. ( People v. Kimble (Dec. 28, 2009, C060478) 2009 WL 5067654 [nonpub. opn.].)
In 2013, defendant filed a petition for resentencing under the then newly-enacted Reform Act. As defendant's third strike was not a violent or serious felony, defendant argued that he was eligible to be resentenced as a second strike offender under the Reform Act's revised sentencing provisions. However, after considering all the evidence and allowing defendant to testify, the trial court found several reasons why defendant would pose "an unreasonable risk of danger to the public if released" and declined to resentence him as a second strike offender. Defendant appealed, and we again affirmed his sentence. ( People v. Kimble (July 14, 2014, C073819) 2014 WL 3401249 [nonpub. opn.].)
Defendant's other two strikes for attempted kidnapping and criminal threats qualify as violent and serious felonies under section 1192.7, subdivision (c)(20) and (38).
Effective January 1, 2022, Senate Bill 483 invalidated most prior prison term enhancements, including the one imposed on defendant. In July 2022, the trial court appointed counsel, who filed a petition for recall of defendant's sentence and requested a full resentencing hearing. Defendant's recall and resentencing brief argued that Senate Bill 483 invalidated his prior prison term enhancement and mandated a full resentencing, applying all ameliorative changes made to California's penal laws, including the Reform Act.
At the resentencing hearing, the trial court stated that it was "declining to exercise [its] discretion to strike any enhancements or reduce the sentence, but for the one year prior prison term." Defense counsel objected, stating that Senate Bill 483 required a "complete resentencing," meaning the trial court had to "start over again" with "existing laws." The trial court responded, "I have gone over the existing laws, and I'm declining to exercise my discretion." Defendant appealed.
DISCUSSION
This case focuses on the interplay of two ameliorative changes made to our state's sentencing laws—the Reform Act and Senate Bill 483—each of which has its own resentencing mechanism. Defendant was most recently considered for resentencing under Senate Bill 483's recall and resentencing procedure. Defendant argues that because Senate Bill 483 requires the trial court to conduct a full resentencing, it was required to apply the ameliorative sentencing changes adopted by voters in the Reform Act. Defendant asserts that if the trial court had followed the law, he would automatically have been resentenced as a second strike offender, which would have reduced his prison term to, at most, 10 years, qualifying him for release from prison. The People counter that Senate Bill 483 does not authorize trial courts to bypass the Reform Act's own resentencing mechanism. Rather, when a sentence is final—as defendant's has been since 2009—the People argue that the Reform Act provides for a distinct resentencing procedure that defendants must follow in order to seek discretionary relief under the Reform Act. We agree with the People.
I
Senate Bill 483
In October 2021, the Governor signed Senate Bill 483. Effective January 1, 2022, the bill added section 1171.1, later renumbered as section 1172.75, to the Penal Code, which provides: "Any sentence enhancement that was imposed prior to January 1, 2020, pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 667.5, except for any enhancement imposed for a prior conviction for a sexually violent offense as defined in subdivision (b) of Section 6600 of the Welfare and Institutions Code is legally invalid." ( § 1172.75, subd. (a).)
Section 1172.75 also describes how relief is obtained under the statute. First, the CDCR notifies the sentencing court of a person in its custody who currently is serving a prison term that includes a section 667.5 enhancement. ( § 1172.75, subd. (b).) This notification vests the trial court with jurisdiction to review the judgment and recall and resentence the defendant after verifying that his or her sentence includes a qualifying enhancement. ( § 1172.75, subd. (c).) At resentencing, "[t]he court shall apply the sentencing rules of the Judicial Council and apply any other changes in law that reduce sentences or provide for judicial discretion so as to eliminate disparity of sentences and to promote uniformity of sentencing." ( § 1172.75, subd. (d)(2).)
Thus, if the statutory conditions are met, Senate Bill 483 entitles a defendant with a qualifying enhancement to a full resentencing.
II
The Reform Act
The other sentencing scheme we consider is the Reform Act, which prospectively ameliorated penalties under the Three Strikes law. (Former §§ 667, subds. (b)-(j), 1170.12.) Under its revised penalty provisions, "many third strike defendants are excepted from the provision imposing an indeterminate life sentence (see [former] § 1170.12, subd. (c)(2)(A)) and are instead sentenced in the same way as second strike defendants (see id. , subd. (c)(2)(C)): that is, they receive a term equal to ‘twice the term otherwise provided as punishment for the current felony conviction’ (id. , subd. (c)(1))." ( People v. Conley (2016) 63 Cal.4th 646, 653, 203 Cal.Rptr.3d 622, 373 P.3d 435 ( Conley ).)
For defendants being sentenced for the first time after the Reform Act's November 2012 effective date, section 1170.12 sets forth the Act's sentencing rules, which generally require prosecutors to "plead and prove each prior serious or violent felony conviction." (§ 1170.12, subd. (d)(1).) The prosecutor also must have "pled and proved" any factors that would disqualify the defendant from second strike sentencing, which include present and prior convictions for various specified felonies, including use of a firearm, or intent to cause great bodily harm. (§ 1170.12, subd. (c)(2)(C).)
In contrast, for offenders like defendant who were sentenced under the former Three Strikes law, the Reform Act created a specific resentencing process in section 1170.126, which permits "persons presently serving an indeterminate term of imprisonment" under the Three Strikes law to apply for resentencing. (§ 1170.126, subd. (a).) To do so, any such person may "file a petition for a recall of sentence" within a specified timeframe to request resentencing in accordance with the amended sentencing scheme created by the Reform Act. (§ 1170.126, subd. (b).) Subdivision (e), in turn, defines which inmates are eligible for resentencing under the Reform Act. (§ 1170.126, subd. (e).)
"If the petitioner satisfies the criteria in subdivision (e), the petitioner shall be resentenced pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (e) of Section 667 and paragraph (1) of subdivision (c) of Section 1170.12 unless the court, in its discretion, determines that resentencing the petitioner would pose an unreasonable risk of danger to public safety ." (§ 1170.126, subd. (f), italics added.) In making this risk determination, the court may consider "(1) The petitioner's criminal conviction history, including the type of crimes committed, the extent of injury to victims, the length of prior prison commitments, and the remoteness of the crimes; [¶] (2) The petitioner's disciplinary record and record of rehabilitation while incarcerated; and [¶] (3) Any other evidence the court, within its discretion, determines to be relevant in deciding whether a new sentence would result in an unreasonable risk of danger to public safety." (§ 1170.126, subd. (g).)
" ‘ "In interpreting a voter initiative ..., we apply the same principles that govern statutory construction. [Citation.]" [Citation.] " ‘The fundamental purpose of statutory construction is to ascertain the intent of the lawmakers so as to effectuate the purpose of the law. [Citations.]’ " [Citation.] The issue is one of the interpretation of a statute and its applicability to a given situation, a question of law we review independently. [Citations.]’ [Citation.] We cautioned that ‘ " ‘ "[t]he meaning of a statute may not be determined from a single word or sentence; the words must be construed in context, and provisions relating to the same subject matter must be harmonized to the extent possible. [Citation.]" ’ " [Citation.] " ‘[W]e do not construe statutes in isolation, but rather read every statute "with reference to the entire scheme of law of which it is part so that the whole may be harmonized and retain effectiveness." [Citation.]’ [Citation.]" [Citation.]’ [Citation.]" ( People v. Arias (2015) 240 Cal.App.4th 161, 168, 192 Cal.Rptr.3d 432.)
III
Analysis
Defendant argues that because Senate Bill 483 requires trial courts to apply "any other changes in law that reduce sentences or provide for judicial discretion" at resentencing ( § 1172.75, subd. (d)(2) ), the court here was required to apply the Reform Act's revised sentencing rules (§ 1170.12) without regard to the Act's distinct resentencing mechanism. (§ 1170.126.) This approach would be inconsistent with the text and intent of the Reform Act, as we explain.
Our analysis is initially guided by our Supreme Court's decision in Conley, supra , 63 Cal.4th 646, 203 Cal.Rptr.3d 622, 373 P.3d 435, in which the court analyzed the purpose of the Reform Act's resentencing mechanism. Specifically, the court considered whether life term prisoners whose judgments were not yet final when the Reform Act went into effect were automatically entitled to resentencing under the Estrada presumption of retroactivity, or whether those prisoners had to affirmatively petition for resentencing under section 1170.126. ( Conley , at pp. 651-652, 655, 203 Cal.Rptr.3d 622, 373 P.3d 435.) It held that petitioning under section 1170.126 was the intended path for resentencing under the Reform Act, and that the law did not "confer a right to automatic resentencing under the amended penalty provisions of the Reform Act." ( Conley , at p. 662, 203 Cal.Rptr.3d 622, 373 P.3d 435, fn.omitted.) Thus, it found that previously sentenced defendants could not bypass the Reform Act's resentencing mechanism and be automatically resentenced under the Reform Act. ( Conley , at pp. 661-662, 203 Cal.Rptr.3d 622, 373 P.3d 435.)
In re Estrada (1965) 63 Cal.2d 740, 48 Cal.Rptr. 172, 408 P.2d 948.
In reaching this conclusion, the court reasoned that resentencing under section 1170.126 was conditioned on considerations of public safety. ( Conley, supra , 63 Cal.4th at pp. 658-659, 203 Cal.Rptr.3d 622, 373 P.3d 435.) Specifically, it noted that the recall procedure made "resentencing subject to the trial court's evaluation of whether, based on their criminal history, their record of incarceration, and other relevant considerations, their early release would pose an ‘unreasonable risk of danger to public safety.’ [(§ 1170.126, subd. (f)].)" ( Conley , at p. 658, 203 Cal.Rptr.3d 622, 373 P.3d 435.) Consequently, the court found that permitting automatic resentencing under the Reform Act would "undermine the apparent intent of the electorate that approved section 1170.126: to create broad access to resentencing for prisoners previously sentenced to indeterminate life terms, but subject to judicial evaluation of the impact of resentencing on public safety, based on the prisoner's criminal history, record of incarceration, and other factors." ( Conley , at p. 659, 203 Cal.Rptr.3d 622, 373 P.3d 435.) The court could "discern no basis to conclude that the electorate would have intended for courts to bypass the public safety inquiry altogether in the case of defendants serving sentences that are not yet final." ( Ibid . )
It further found relevant that for defendants who are sentenced under the Reform Act, the law requires a prosecutor to "plead and prove" disqualifying factors. ( Conley, supra , 63 Cal.4th at p. 659, 203 Cal.Rptr.3d 622, 373 P.3d 435, citing § 1170.12, subd. (c)(2)(C).) But for defendants whose sentences were imposed under the prior Three Strikes law, section 1170.126's petition process lacks these same pleading and proof requirements. ( Conley , at pp. 659-660, 203 Cal.Rptr.3d 622, 373 P.3d 435.) This suggested to the court that the petitioning process under section 1170.126 was the only path for relief under the Reform Act for defendants who had already been sentenced. ( Conley , at pp. 659-660, 203 Cal.Rptr.3d 622, 373 P.3d 435.) Otherwise, it reasoned, courts would have to permit "mini-trials" on disqualifying factors for those individuals who had been sentenced, but whose sentences were not yet final: "We find it difficult to escape the conclusion that the Act does not address the complexities involved in applying the pleading-and-proof requirements to previously sentenced defendants precisely because the electorate did not contemplate that these provisions would apply. Rather, voters intended for previously sentenced defendants to seek relief under section 1170.126, which contains no comparable pleading-and-proof requirements. (See [ ] § 1170.126, subd. (e)(2), (3).)" ( Conley , at pp. 660-661, 203 Cal.Rptr.3d 622, 373 P.3d 435.)
The reasoning in Conley applies here with equal force.
The Reform Act's resentencing provisions provide that "[u]pon receiving a petition for recall of sentence under this section," the court shall determine (1) if defendant qualifies for resentencing and, if so, (2) whether resentencing the petitioner would nonetheless pose an unreasonable risk of danger to public safety. (§ 1170.126, subd. (f).) If we do as defendant asks and allow the Reform Act's sentencing rules to be applied directly as part of a Senate Bill 483 resentencing hearing, this will circumvent the Reform Act's petition and recall process and effectively mandate that the trial court resentence defendant as a second strike offender, without regard to the potential risk he poses. The trial court could not consider defendant's criminal history, disciplinary record or other relevant information under section 1170.126, subdivision (f) to decide whether to deny relief based on public safety concerns. This result conflicts with the Reform Act's clear intent to protect the public from high-risk offenders. Such an outcome would be particularly worrisome in this case, given that the trial court previously found that defendant did pose an unreasonable risk of danger to public safety.
Further, without the Reform Act's resentencing process, the trial court would have to permit—as Conley noted—mini-trials to allow prosecutors to plead and prove any disqualifying factors under section 1170.12, subdivision (c)(2)(C). This would inject an additional, and potentially substantial, burden on the trial court during the resentencing process. As our Supreme Court explained, "no provision of the Act contains any affirmative indication" that the voters contemplated this effect. ( Conley, supra , 63 Cal.4th at p. 660, 203 Cal.Rptr.3d 622, 373 P.3d 435.)
The Reform Act permits an inmate to petition for resentencing "within two years after the effective date of the act that added this section or at a later date upon a showing of good cause." (§ 1170.126, subd. (b).) This discrete period suggests that voters intended inmates to seek resentencing under the Reform Act within a reasonable time after its enactment, absent a showing of good cause. Here, defendant sought and received the resentencing hearing to which he was entitled within the allotted statutory period. Nothing in the Reform Act contemplates resentencing outside the confines of that law.
Senate Bill 483's resentencing mechanism itself supports the conclusion we reach today. Section 1172.75, subdivision (d)(2) provides that at resentencing, "[t]he court shall ... apply any other changes in law that reduce sentences or provide for judicial discretion so as to eliminate disparity of sentences and to promote uniformity of sentencing ." ( § 1172.75, subd. (d)(2), italics added.) Applying the Reform Act in the manner urged by defendant would frustrate subdivision (d)(2)’s intent to promote uniformity of sentencing by carving out a favorable exception for a specific subset of defendants—those sentenced under the former Three Strikes law who may be eligible for resentencing as second strike offenders and who received a prior prison term enhancement within the ambit of Senate Bill 483. This exception would permit those defendants to obtain mandatory relief under the Reform Act, requiring the court to resentence them as second strike offenders, while subjecting all other inmates to the discretionary weighing of safety and recidivism considerations contemplated by the Reform Act. Further, applying the Reform Act to Senate Bill 483's resentencing procedure would subject that same subset of incarcerated defendants to mini-trials on the Act's disqualifying factors. Such a result would be at odds with Senate Bill 483's plainly stated objective of promoting uniformity, and eliminating disparities, in sentencing.
Defendant relies heavily on People v. Monroe (2022) 85 Cal.App.5th 393, 301 Cal.Rptr.3d 345 ( Monroe ) as support for his position, but we find Monroe distinguishable. Monroe holds that Senate Bill 483 entitles a defendant to a full resentencing under section 1172.75, which includes application of two recently enacted, retroactive, ameliorative sentencing statutes: Senate Bill No. 620 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.) (Senate Bill 620) (Stats. 2017, ch. 682, §§ 1, 2, eff. Jan. 1, 2018), and Senate Bill No. 1393 (2017-2018 Reg. Sess.) (Senate Bill 1393) (Stats. 2018, ch. 1013, §§ 1-2, eff. Jan. 1, 2019). ( Monroe, supra , at pp. 400-402, 301 Cal.Rptr.3d 345.) Monroe states that a defendant gets the benefit of both statutes at resentencing under Senate Bill 483, even if the finality of defendant's sentence renders him or her independently ineligible for retroactive resentencing under those statutes. ( Monroe , at pp. 400-402, 301 Cal.Rptr.3d 345.) That is because, Monroe reasons, Senate Bill 483 mandates that the trial court conduct a full resentencing. ( Monroe , at p. 402, 301 Cal.Rptr.3d 345.)
However, Senate Bills 620 and 1393 are plainly distinct from the Reform Act. Both imbue the trial court with discretion to strike enhancements (for Senate Bill 620, firearm enhancements, and for Senate Bill 1393, serious felony enhancements), either prospectively, at sentencing, or retroactively, for those whose sentences are not yet final. (§§ 12022.5, 12022.53, 1385.) Unlike the Reform Act, neither creates its own resentencing mechanism for those whose sentences are final, based on a new sentencing scheme. Indeed, Senate Bill 620, by its own terms, expressly applies "to any resentencing that may occur pursuant to any other law." (§ 12022.53, subd. (h).) In contrast, "[t]he provisions of the three strikes law ... expressly apply notwithstanding any other law (§§ 667, subd. (d), 1170.12, subd. (b)), thus evidencing the Legislature's and electorate's intent that they prevail over all contrary law." ( People v. Arias, supra , 240 Cal.App.4th at pp. 167-168, 192 Cal.Rptr.3d 432.) Thus, to the extent Senate Bill 483 offers a conflicting resentencing scheme to the Reform Act, the Three Strikes law specifically provides that its provisions are to prevail over other laws, such as Senate Bill 483. No such language is found in either Senate Bill 620 or 1393. Accordingly, the analysis underlying Monroe does not control our result.
Our conclusion also is consistent with the oft-repeated rule of statutory construction that a specific statute prevails over a general statute when the two statutes are in conflict. ( People v. Price (1991) 1 Cal.4th 324, 385, 3 Cal.Rptr.2d 106, 821 P.2d 610.) Although section 1172.75 provides specific guidance on how resentencing may be obtained regarding prior prison term enhancements ( § 1172.75, subds. (a) - (d) ), with respect to resentencing on other matters, it only broadly instructs that the court shall "apply any other changes in law that reduce sentences or provide for judicial discretion" at resentencing. ( § 1172.75, subd. (d)(2).) The Reform Act's specific mechanism, timing, and criteria for resentencing under the Three Strikes law conflicts with section 1172.75, subdivision (d)(2) ’s general resentencing mandate for the reasons we have discussed. Thus, not only does the Reform Act plainly state that it applies over conflicting laws (§§ 667, subd. (d), 1170.12, subd. (b)), but the more specific resentencing procedure in section 1170.126 controls over the general command in section 1172.5, subdivision (d)(2). Nonetheless, the two statutory schemes are not so irreconcilable and inconsistent that they cannot coexist or operate concurrently. ( People v. Chenze (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 521, 526, 118 Cal.Rptr.2d 362.) Here, defendant's prior prison term enhancement was stricken under Senate Bill 483. Defendant previously petitioned for relief under the Reform Act more than a decade ago, but was denied relief based on the risk he posed to public safety. Thus, there is no injustice in the result we reach today, as the statutes exist as independent resentencing schemes, which were accessed—albeit in separate proceedings—by defendant.
Although not raised by the parties, defendant's argument could be read to suggest that the Legislature intended to amend the Reform Act by supplanting its resentencing provisions with Senate Bill 483's resentencing scheme. But the "Legislature may not amend an initiative statute without subsequent voter approval unless the initiative permits such amendment, ‘and then only upon whatever conditions the voters attached to the Legislature's amendatory powers.’ " (People v. Superior Court (Pearson ) (2010) 48 Cal.4th 564, 568, 107 Cal.Rptr.3d 265, 227 P.3d 858.) Here, the Reform Act states in relevant part that the Legislature may only amend the Reform Act via statute if the statute passes with a two-thirds vote. (Prop. 36, approved by the voters at Gen. Elec. (Nov. 6, 2012).) Senate Bill 483 passed with less than two-thirds support. (See < https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billVotesClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220SB483> [as of July 11, 2023], archived at < https://perma.cc/BD94-TGUF>.) Thus, to the extent defendant's proposed interpretation might require us to find that Senate Bill 483 amended the Reform Act, we would reject that contention.
Based on the foregoing, we conclude the trial court did not err in failing to resentence defendant as a second strike offender under the Reform Act as part of his resentencing pursuant to section 1172.75.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
We concur:
RENNER, Acting P. J.
BOULWARE EURIE, J.