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In Joyner, the police officers testified that the defendant had been fully advised of his Miranda rights, had received adequate food and sleep and had not been threatened or physically abused.
Summary of this case from People v. CateyOpinion
Docket No. 78-3963.
Decided November 7, 1979.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, William L. Cahalan, Prosecuting Attorney, Edward R. Wilson, Principal Attorney, Appeals, and Robert T. Monk, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Robert E. Slamenka, for defendant on appeal.
Before: N.J. KAUFMAN, P.J., and R.M. MAHER and D.C. RILEY, JJ.
Defendant was charged with first-degree felony murder contrary to MCL 750.316; MSA 28.548, convicted following a jury trial, and sentenced to life imprisonment.
On appeal, defendant asserts that each of his numerous allegations of error requires reversal. We do not agree and concern ourselves first with defendant's assertion that the information should have been quashed since there was no proof of the underlying felony of armed robbery, or attempted robbery armed, MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797, MCL 750.92; MSA 28.287. A magistrate may bind a defendant over for trial if a crime has been perpetrated and if there is probable cause to believe that the defendant committed it. Guilt need not be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Asta, 337 Mich. 590, 609-610; 60 N.W.2d 472 (1953), People v Goodchild, 68 Mich. App. 226; 242 N.W.2d 465 (1976). Neither the trial court nor an appellate court should disturb the magistrate's probable cause determination absent a clear showing of abuse of discretion. People v Doss, 406 Mich. 90, 101; 276 N.W.2d 9 (1979). We find no such abuse of discretion here.
The transcript of proceedings at the preliminary examination indicates that both the wife and son testified that the deceased always carried a wallet in which he kept his identification, a clip in which he carried his money, and a large "clump" of 30 or 40 keys.
On the day of the incident the victim was driven to the party store by his wife who, according to her testimony, saw her husband enter the party store with his keys. The transcript reveals further that both wife and son stated that while the victim was in the store he kept his keys in a cigar box next to the cash register. Immediately following the incident, the keys and wallet were discovered to be missing and the cigar box was found empty on the floor. The money clip was in the victim's pocket but there was no money in the clip.
While it may well be argued that the missing wallet and the empty money clip require a pyramiding of inferences to form the basis for probable cause (even against the testimony of the employee from next door who testified that he saw the defendant flee the scene holding a "bulge" in his pants), the missing "clump" of keys does not require the inference upon an inference prohibited by People v Atley, 392 Mich. 298; 220 N.W.2d 465 (1974), but rather derives its basis from separate and distinct facts which, when viewed together, dictate a certain result. People v Davidson, 88 Mich. App. 276, 278; 276 N.W.2d 580 (1979), People v Belcher, 29 Mich. App. 341, 344-345; 185 N.W.2d 440 (1971).
In addition, there is the testimony of the defendant's girl friend that earlier in the day in question defendant had said that he wanted to "go get some money". These facts combined establish the corpus delicti of the robbery independent of any confession of the defendant. Therefore, his claim of error premised on the lack of independent evidence must fail.
Defendant also maintains that since the confession was obtained after an earlier refusal to talk and prior to arraignment it was involuntary. After a Walker hearing on this matter, the trial judge determined that the confession was voluntary. When reviewing a trial court's rulings, an appellate court must examine the entire record and draw its own conclusions. People v Crawford, 89 Mich. App. 30, 33; 279 N.W.2d 560 (1979). However, if there is conflicting evidence and the determination of voluntariness is largely dependent on the credibility of witnesses, the appellate court should defer to the trial court's findings. People v Dixon, 84 Mich. App. 675, 681; 270 N.W.2d 488 (1978). The officers testified at trial that defendant had been fully advised of his Miranda rights, had received adequate food and sleep and had not been threatened or physically abused. It is defendant's claim, however, that his statement was made as the result of threats made to him regarding his girl friend. Therefore, presented with a conflicting record, the trial judge viewed the video tape made of defendant's confession, and, from the relaxed demeanor of defendant exhibited on said tape, the trial judge could reasonably conclude that the confession was voluntary. See People v Sparks, 82 Mich. App. 44; 266 N.W.2d 661 (1978). Although there was not as prompt an arraignment here as required by MCL 764.13; MSA 28.871(1), we find that the delay was not used solely to coerce a confession. People v White, 392 Mich. 404, 424; 221 N.W.2d 357 (1974), People v Antonio Johnson, 85 Mich. App. 247, 252-253; 271 N.W.2d 177 (1978).
People v Walker (On Rehearing), 374 Mich. 331; 132 N.W.2d 87 (1965).
Miranda v Arizona, 384 U.S. 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694; 10 ALR3d 974 (1965).
Defendant contends that there was no proper foundation laid for the admissibility of tracking-dog evidence. Here a tracking-dog was used to trace defendant to the home where he was discovered, a short distance from the scene of the crime. Initially we note that this issue has not been properly preserved for appeal, as no specific objection was made at the time of testimony. Failure to particularize an objection precludes appellate review absent proof of manifest injustice. People v Frederick Lester, 78 Mich. App. 21, 32; 259 N.W.2d 370 (1977), rev'd on other grounds 406 Mich. 252; 277 N.W.2d 633 (1979). We find no manifest injustice in this case as all conditions precedent to admissibility were properly established on the record. See People v Harper, 43 Mich. App. 500, 508; 204 N.W.2d 263 (1972).
Defendant further maintains that the police entry into his home and subsequent seizure of the murder weapon were unlawful. We conclude, based on the record, that the tracking-dog evidence sufficiently constituted probable cause for the entry. Although this was an entry without a warrant, it took place within minutes of the murder. In light of this rapid follow-up and the fact that there was no break in the chain of immediate pursuit, we hold that the entry qualifies under the "hot pursuit" exception to normal warrant requirements. See Warden v Hayden, 387 U.S. 294; 87 S Ct 1642; 18 L Ed 2d 782 (1967), United States v Holland, 511 F.2d 38 (CA 6, 1975). Further, since the officers' entry was proper, their subsequent sighting of the murder weapon in an open drawer was permissible under the "plain view" doctrine. See People v Whalen, 390 Mich. 672; 213 N.W.2d 116 (1973), People v Harden, 54 Mich. App. 353; 220 N.W.2d 785 (1974). As the trial court's ruling on the suppression of the knife was not clearly erroneous, People v Ulrich, 83 Mich. App. 19, 21; 268 N.W.2d 269 (1978), we will not reverse on this basis.
Defendant also asserts prejudicial error in the trial court's admission of evidence of defendant's prior convictions for the purpose of testing his credibility. Admissibility decisions are within the trial judge's discretion, People v Jackson, 391 Mich. 323, 336; 217 N.W.2d 22 (1974), and should be made according to the dictates of People v Crawford, 83 Mich. App. 35, 39; 268 N.W.2d 275 (1978). The judge should note his discretion and the factors underlying his decision on the record, or the record should specifically indicate his cognizance of the criteria, as in the instant case. In the case at bar, the court carried on an extensive colloquy with counsel pertaining to admission before the trial judge made her ruling. We hold that this exchange adequately complied with the Crawford standards.
In this case, the Court enunciated the standard as follows:
"The factors which the judge must weigh in making his determination include: (1) the nature of the prior offense (did it involve an offense which directly bears on credibility, such as perjury?), (2) whether it is for substantially the same conduct for which the defendant is on trial (are the offenses so closely related that the danger that the jury will consider the defendant a "bad man" or infer that because he was previously convicted he likely committed this crime, and therefore create prejudice which outweighs the probative value of the issue of credibility?), and (3) the effect on the decisional process if the accused does not testify out of fear of impeachment by prior convictions (are there alternative means of presenting a defense which would not require the defendant's testimony, i.e., can his side of the story be presented, or are there alternative, less prejudicial means of impeaching the defendant?)." 83 Mich. App. 35, 39; 268 N.W.2d 275 (1978).
Next, defendant alleges that the prosecution was improperly excused from its duty to produce an endorsed witness. Normally, a witness endorsed by the prosecutor must be produced. People v Buero, 59 Mich. App. 670, 673; 229 N.W.2d 880 (1975). However, the trial judge may excuse a witness, Buero, supra, at 675, and this Court will not disturb his decision absent a showing of abuse of discretion. People v Kaigler, 81 Mich. App. 340, 344; 265 N.W.2d 324 (1978). In the case sub judice, the trial judge's proffered explanation for excusal was the probable cumulativeness of the witness's testimony, a widely-recognized basis for exemption. Kaigler, supra, People v Mays, 64 Mich. App. 453, 459; 236 N.W.2d 513 (1975). However, our review of the evidence is not consonant with this conclusion. There was testimony in this case that type-O blood was found at the scene of the crime, unlike the deceased's type-A blood and the defendant's type-AB blood. The technician who testified in this case indicated that type-AB blood would never show up as type-O blood, although both the prosecutor and defense counsel seemed to think otherwise. This matter was never resolved at trial. Although the testifying technician claimed that she ran the same tests as the excused technician, this unsettled matter leaves us unable to conclude that the missing technician's testimony necessarily would have been cumulative. In such cases, we would normally be compelled to remand to the trial court for an evidentiary hearing on possible prejudice to the defendant. See People v Willie Pearson, 404 Mich. 698; 273 N.W.2d 856 (1979), People v Wingfield, 62 Mich. App. 161; 233 N.W.2d 220 (1975). But, in this instance we are readily able to conclude that the missing testimony would have been of no assistance to the defendant.
First, the anticipated testimony of the missing witness would be more damaging to the defendant if, in fact, she were to testify that type-AB blood sometimes tests as type-O. Second, the defendant admitted stabbing the deceased; only the circumstances were in doubt. For these reasons, we conclude that it was harmless error to excuse the witness under the "cumulative evidence" exception, and that no evidentiary hearing is necessary. See Pearson, supra, Kaigler, supra.
Finally, defendant claims that the trial judge erred in denying a mistrial based on a witness's possibly incriminating statement. The 13-year-old witness's statement was not so inherently prejudicial that reversal is required, particularly since the trial judge directed the jury to disregard the remark. See People v Harry Fleish, 321 Mich. 443, 463; 32 N.W.2d 700 (1948), People v Chambers #1, 64 Mich. App. 311, 313; 236 N.W.2d 702 (1975).
In light of the foregoing, we conclude that while defendant may not have had a perfect trial, he did, on balance, have a fair trial.
Affirmed.