Opinion
2014–10596 Ind. No. 13–00726
12-26-2018
The PEOPLE, etc., Respondent, v. Michael JORDAN, Appellant.
Gary E. Eisenberg, New City, NY, for appellant. Anthony A. Scarpino, Jr., District Attorney, White Plains, N.Y. (Raffaelina Gianfrancesco and William C. Milaccio of counsel), for respondent.
Gary E. Eisenberg, New City, NY, for appellant.
Anthony A. Scarpino, Jr., District Attorney, White Plains, N.Y. (Raffaelina Gianfrancesco and William C. Milaccio of counsel), for respondent.
CHERYL E. CHAMBERS, J.P., LEONARD B. AUSTIN, SHERI S. ROMAN, ANGELA G. IANNACCI, JJ.
DECISION & ORDERORDERED that the judgment is affirmed.
The evidence at trial established that the defendant and two other individuals robbed the owner of a car wash at gunpoint. Following a jury trial, the defendant was convicted of robbery in the second degree, among other crimes.
The defendant correctly contends that the County Court erred in denying his request for a jury charge on cross-racial identification. In People v. Boone, 30 N.Y.3d 521, 526, 69 N.Y.S.3d 215, 91 N.E.3d 1194, the Court of Appeals held that where, as here, "identification is an issue in a criminal case and the identifying witness and defendant appear to be of different races, upon request, a party is entitled to a charge on cross-racial identification." Contrary to the People's contention, Boone applies retroactively to cases pending on direct appeal (see People v. Mitchell, 80 N.Y.2d 519, 527–528, 591 N.Y.S.2d 990, 606 N.E.2d 1381 ; People v. Pepper, 53 N.Y.2d 213, 440 N.Y.S.2d 889, 423 N.E.2d 366 ; see e.g. People v. Bradley, 160 A.D.3d 760, 74 N.Y.S.3d 317 ).
Nevertheless, the County Court's failure to give a cross-racial identification charge constituted harmless error. At trial, the complainant identified the defendant as one of the three perpetrators who robbed him inside the office of the car wash. The evidence at trial established that shortly after the robbery, a police officer located the defendant and his accomplices, who matched the descriptions of the perpetrators, in a car. The defendant and his accomplices then led the police on a high-speed car chase and a subsequent chase on foot. When the defendant was apprehended following the foot chase, the police searched him for weapons, and the defendant stated, "they're not on me, the guns are in the car." The guns and proceeds of the robbery were found in the car from which the defendant and his accomplices fled. Additionally, money that the complainant had withdrawn from the bank earlier that day, which was bound with blue bands, was recovered from a jacket the defendant had discarded as he was running from the police. Under these circumstances, the error in failing to give the charge on cross-racial identification was harmless, as there was overwhelming evidence of the defendant's guilt, and no significant probability that the defendant would have been acquitted if not for the error (see People v. Crimmins, 36 N.Y.2d 230, 241–242, 367 N.Y.S.2d 213, 326 N.E.2d 787 ; People v. Bradley, 160 A.D.3d at 762, 74 N.Y.S.3d 317 ).
The defendant contends that the People were improperly allowed to elicit testimony from two witnesses that bolstered each other's identifications of the defendant (see People v. Trowbridge, 305 N.Y. 471, 113 N.E.2d 841 ). However, the defendant's contention is without merit. Neither witness testified to any prior out-of-court identification of the defendant (see People v. Lassiter, 74 A.D.3d 1094, 902 N.Y.S.2d 396 ; People v. Brown, 140 A.D.2d 362, 527 N.Y.S.2d 849 ; People v. Johnson, 137 A.D.2d 719, 720–721, 524 N.Y.S.2d 802 ; People v. Bonnet, 134 A.D.2d 436, 437, 521 N.Y.S.2d 59 ).
The sentence imposed was not excessive (see People v. Suitte, 90 A.D.2d 80, 455 N.Y.S.2d 675 ).
CHAMBERS, J.P., AUSTIN, ROMAN and IANNACCI, JJ., concur.