Opinion
Docket No. 77-751.
Decided May 23, 1978.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, Peter E. Deegan, Prosecuting Attorney, Peter R. George, Chief Appellate Attorney, and David R. Heyboer, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Lawrence Baron, Assistant State Appellate Defender, for defendant on appeal.
Before: D.F. WALSH, P.J., and D.E. HOLBROOK and R.M. MAHER, JJ.
Charged with armed robbery, MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797, defendant Dale Jones was convicted of the offense by a jury on November 4, 1976. The prosecutor filed a supplemental information, charging defendant as a second felony offender, MCL 769.10; MSA 28.1082. Sentenced on December 20, 1976, to a term of 20 to 40 years in prison, defendant appeals as of right.
Defendant charges numerous errors to the trial court. We need address ourselves at length to only two of these allegations.
Defendant was charged with and convicted of the armed robbery of a Howard Johnson Motel. The prosecutor introduced evidence of three other armed robberies in which, according to the testimony of three separate witnesses, defendant participated. Defendant contends the introduction of such evidence was error and not, as the prosecutor claimed, admissible under the similar acts statute.
MCL 768.27; MSA 28.1050, the similar acts statute, states:
"In any criminal case where the defendant's motive, intent, the absence of, mistake or accident on his part, or the defendant's scheme, plan or system in doing an act, is material, any like acts or other acts of the defendant which may tend to show his motive, intent, the absence of, mistake or accident on his part, or the defendant's scheme, plan or system in doing the act, in question, may be proved, whether they are contemporaneous with or prior or subsequent thereto; notwithstanding that such proof may show or tend to show the commission of another or prior or subsequent crime by the defendant."
The trial judge instructed the jury that they could utilize the evidence of similar acts for two purposes:
"First, such testimony can aid you in determining whether the defendant was engaged in an intentional plan of robbery. * * * Second, such testimony can help you in resolving the question of identification of the defendant as the man who robbed Charles Benenati."
Defendant objects that, though the statute allows similar acts to be used to establish intent, the statute requires that the intent must be "material" to the case. Defendant is correct. See People v Spillman, 63 Mich. App. 256, 260-261; 234 N.W.2d 475 (1975), rev'd on other grounds, 399 Mich. 313; 249 N.W.2d 73 (1976), and cases cited therein. But it is arguable, reviewing the trial court's instruction, that the similar acts were not introduced to show intent, but to show an intentional plan. Evidence of a plan may be material if a connection is established between the facts and circumstances of the similar bad acts and the charged offense. People v Wilkins, 82 Mich. App. 260; 266 N.W.2d 781 (1978).
But apart from the intentional plan element, the prosecutor used the similar acts to try to establish identity. Though not mentioned in the statute, it is permissible to prove identity through the use of similar acts.
"`Identity' which is always an essential element in a criminal prosecution is not mentioned in the statute but clearly may be proved by the use of similar acts evidence. People v Kelly, 386 Mich. 330; 192 N.W.2d 494 (1971)." People v Oliphant, 399 Mich. 472, 489; 250 N.W.2d 443 (1976).
See, also, People v Fisher, 77 Mich. App. 6; 257 N.W.2d 250 (1977).
The matter of identity was a paramount issue in the case. Jones' entire defense was that Charles Benenati, the victim, has intentionally or inadvertently misidentified him.
In this case, the prosecution, for the purpose of showing identity, introduced evidence of three other robberies. One of the robberies was of a grocery store; one was of a Holiday Inn and one was of another Howard Johnsons. In using evidence of similar acts other offenses are admissible to
"prove other like crimes by the accused so nearly identical in method as to earmark them as the handiwork of the accused. Here much more is demanded than the mere repeated commission of crimes of the same class, such as repeated burglaries or thefts. The device used must be so unusual and distinctive as to be like a signature." McCormick on Evidence (2d Ed), § 190, p 449.
In this case the similarities between the robbery at issue and the robberies at the Holiday Inn and the other Howard Johnsons are legion. As both sides point out:
1) All three occurred in relatively the same time period.
2) All three occurred in the same area.
3) All three involved a hotel.
4) All three involved use of a weapon (though as defendant points out the weapons were different).
5) All three involved assailants in their twenties.
6) In all three, the assailants had afros.
7) All three involved a man in a dark coat.
8) All three occurred in the late evening.
9) All three involved a man who pulled the lapel of his coat over his face.
10) All three involved money being taken from a cash register.
11) All three involved a victim who was told to stay on the floor until the assailant left.
Defendant argues that a distinctive pattern was not formed. We do not agree.
After concluding that no pattern was formed, defendant, referring to all the similarities which he himself acknowledges, asks, "Just how else would an assailant act?" In a multitude of ways, is the obvious reply. Defendant admits to marked similarities in these three robberies, from the description of the assailant to the covering of his face with his coat lapel to the type of business robbed to the time and area of the robbery.
"[T]he inference of identity arises when the marks common in the charged and uncharged offenses, considered singly or in combination, logically operate to set the charged and uncharged offenses apart from other crimes of the same general variety and, in so doing, tend to suggest that the perpetrator of the uncharged offenses was the perpetrator of the charged offenses." People v Haston, 69 Cal.2d 233, 246; 70 Cal.Rptr. 419; 444 P.2d 91 (1968).
The inference of identity here arises from the grave similarities between the three robberies of the three hotels. While no one factor in itself is unique, in combination they form a singular pattern which suggests that the perpetrator of the first two robberies is the perpetrator of the robbery at issue.
We cannot say that the trial judge abused his discretion in admitting evidence of the two other hotel robberies. It was relevant and its probative value, i.e., to show identity, outweighed its potential prejudicial effect to the defendant. People v Smedley, 37 Mich. App. 325; 194 N.W.2d 383 (1971).
The prosecution also introduced evidence of a grocery store robbery for the purpose of showing identity. This robbery bore little similarity to the hotel robberies, both uncharged and charged. No distinctive similarities existed which would be sufficiently probative of the defendant's identity to allow the admission into evidence of the grocery store robbery. On the contrary, the dissimilarities were notable. Whereas in the charged offense there was but one assailant, in the grocery robbery there were two; in the grocery store robbery the assailant personally took the money, while in this case the clerk handed the money to the assailant; in the grocery store case, the victim's personal cash was not taken, but in this case it was; in the grocery store robbery the assailants did not attempt to disguise their appearances, while in this case the assailant covered his face; whereas in the grocery store case bystanders were present, in the charged offense no bystanders were present.
The trial court abused its discretion by allowing in evidence of the grocery store robbery. Material evidence of similar acts must be excluded when its prejudicial impact substantially outweighs its probative value. People v Corbeil, 77 Mich. App. 691; 259 N.W.2d 193 (1977), citing People v Oliphant, supra. This evidence should not have been admitted. But its impact was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Other evidence in the case, including that of the two other hotel robberies, pointed overwhelmingly to defendant's guilt. People v Fisher, supra, at 14, People v Wilkins, supra, at 272.
We conclude that the admission of evidence of the two hotel robberies was proper under MCL 768.27, and that though the admission into evidence of the grocery store robbery was an abuse of discretion, such error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
Defendant also claims he is entitled to have his conviction as an habitual offender, second felony, vacated by this Court on the ground that the prior conviction on which it was based was unconstitutional. This claim of unconstitutionality has never been presented to the trial court.
In 1970, defendant pleaded guilty to unarmed robbery. The transcript of his plea discloses that defendant was not advised that he was waiving his right to confront his accusers, his right to remain silent, his right to be presumed innocent and his right to have compulsory process. The plea process was inadequate and erroneous even under the standards extant at the time. Boykin v Alabama, 395 U.S. 238; 89 S Ct 1709; 23 L Ed 2d 274 (1969), People v Jaworski, 387 Mich. 21; 194 N.W.2d 868 (1972) (the standards of which have been held applicable to any plea taken after the decisional date of Boykin). At a minimum the trial court should have advised defendant of his right to confront his accusers and his right to remain silent.
The prosecutor does not argue that the plea, as taken, was not in violation of defendant's constitutional rights. Rather, he urges that because appellant did not raise the alleged unconstitutionality at the trial court level, he does not have standing to collaterally attack the 1970 conviction on appeal.
It is true that there are a number of decisions in the Court of Appeals which state that defendant cannot attack a conviction under the habitual criminal statute on the basis that his prior conviction was invalid when the claim was never presented or asserted in the trial court. The issue cannot be raised for the first time on appeal. People v Hendrick, 52 Mich. App. 201; 217 N.W.2d 112 (1974), People v Covington, 70 Mich. App. 188; 245 N.W.2d 558 (1976), People v Mays, 77 Mich. App. 389; 258 N.W.2d 87 (1977).
However, the issue may be raised at the trial level. See People v Moore, 391 Mich. 426; 216 N.W.2d 770 (1974). Once defendant has attacked the invalid plea in the trial court, he may present the issue of sentencing to the Court on appeal. Contrary to the prosecutor's contention, Moore does not stand only for the position that an out-of-state conviction may be attacked. It also directs that an in-state conviction may likewise be attacked. We therefore remand the case to the trial court in order for appellant to present the issue of the unconstitutionality of his 1970 guilty plea.
We briefly address others of the issues plaintiff presents. He claims that it violates the double jeopardy clause to admit under the similar acts statute evidence of another crime of which defendant has already been acquitted. People v Oliphant, supra, decided this issue adversely to the defendant.
Defendant's contention that the prosecutor vindictively retaliated against defendant by supplementing him simply because he chose not to plead guilty and to exercise his right to a trial has been adequately addressed in Bordenkircher v Hayes, 434 U.S. 357; 98 S Ct 663; 54 L Ed 2d 604 (1978).
Finally, defendant claims that the habitual offender statute is unconstitutional. Not having objected on this ground at either the hearing on the habitual offender information or the sentencing, the issue has not been preserved for appellate review in the absence of manifest injustice. See People v Penn, 70 Mich. App. 638; 247 N.W.2d 575 (1976).
Remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.