Opinion
983 KA 18-00565
02-04-2022
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Herbert D. JOHNSON, Defendant-Appellant.
HEGGE & CONFUSIONE, LLC, MULLICA HILL (MICHAEL CONFUSIONE OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. SANDRA DOORLEY, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, ROCHESTER (KAYLAN C. PORTER OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
HEGGE & CONFUSIONE, LLC, MULLICA HILL (MICHAEL CONFUSIONE OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
SANDRA DOORLEY, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, ROCHESTER (KAYLAN C. PORTER OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
PRESENT: CARNI, J.P., LINDLEY, NEMOYER, WINSLOW, AND BANNISTER, JJ.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed.
Memorandum: Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him following a jury trial of, inter alia, robbery in the first degree ( Penal Law § 160.15 [4] ) and criminal use of a firearm in the first degree (§ 265.09 [1] [a]). He was acquitted of three separate counts related to a second alleged robbery. Contrary to defendant's contention, Supreme Court did not err in refusing to suppress identification evidence related to the crimes of which he was convicted. "[T]he showup procedure, which was conducted within two hours of the [robbery], was ‘ "reasonable under the circumstances" ’ " ( People v. Norman , 183 A.D.3d 1240, 1240, 123 N.Y.S.3d 360 [4th Dept. 2020], lv denied 35 N.Y.3d 1047, 127 N.Y.S.3d 855, 151 N.E.3d 537 [2020], quoting People v. Cedeno , 27 N.Y.3d 110, 123, 31 N.Y.S.3d 434, 50 N.E.3d 901 [2016], cert denied ––– U.S. ––––, 137 S. Ct. 205, 196 L.Ed.2d 133 [2016] ; see People v. Howard , 22 N.Y.3d 388, 402, 981 N.Y.S.2d 310, 4 N.E.3d 320 [2013] ; People v. Johnson , 167 A.D.3d 1512, 1513, 89 N.Y.S.3d 505 [4th Dept. 2018], lv denied 33 N.Y.3d 949, 100 N.Y.S.3d 165, 123 N.E.3d 824 [2019] ). That procedure "was ‘part of a continuous, ongoing police investigation’ ..., and was conducted ‘as soon as practicable following defendant's apprehension’ ... Moreover, the showup procedure was not rendered unduly suggestive by the fact that defendant was handcuffed" ( Norman , 183 A.D.3d at 1240-1241, 123 N.Y.S.3d 360 ; see People v. Crittenden , 179 A.D.3d 1543, 1544, 118 N.Y.S.3d 874 [4th Dept. 2020], lv denied 35 N.Y.3d 969, 125 N.Y.S.3d 16, 148 N.E.3d 480 [2020] ).
Defendant further contends that the court erred in denying two applications in which he sought funding for a DNA expert and related investigation services. Specifically, several months after the court granted defendant's initial application for $1,000 for investigative services, defendant filed a written application seeking an additional $1,000 for "further investigative services," contending that such funds were necessary to investigate, inter alia, other potential suspects, and to speak with potential alibi witnesses. Although defendant also mentioned "a potential need for a cell phone expert," there is no mention of a need for a DNA expert in that written application. In his posttrial motion to set aside the verdict pursuant to CPL 330.30, however, defendant contended that the court had erred in denying an ex parte application seeking $500 to retain a specific DNA expert.
As a preliminary matter, the present record does not include an ex parte application for $500 for a DNA expert and defendant, as the appellant, must bear the consequences of an insufficient record (see People v. Larrabee , 201 A.D.2d 924, 924, 607 N.Y.S.2d 769 [4th Dept. 1994], lv denied 83 N.Y.2d 855, 612 N.Y.S.2d 386, 634 N.E.2d 987 [1994] ; see also People v. Dye , 78 A.D.3d 1607, 1608, 911 N.Y.S.2d 538 [4th Dept. 2010], lv denied 16 N.Y.3d 743, 917 N.Y.S.2d 624, 942 N.E.2d 1049 [2011] ). We thus conclude that defendant's challenge to the denial of the application for funds for a DNA expert should be raised in a CPL 440.10 motion (see Dye , 78 A.D.3d at 1608, 911 N.Y.S.2d 538 ).
With respect to the written application for $1,000 for "further investigative services," we conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion in denying that application. County Law § 722-c provides in pertinent part, that, in order to be entitled to funds for expert services, a defendant must establish that the services sought "are necessary" and that the defendant "is financially unable to obtain them." "[U]pon a finding of necessity, a court shall authorize expert services on behalf of a defendant, and only in extraordinary circumstances may a court provide for compensation in excess of $1,000 per expert" ( People v. Micolo , 171 A.D.3d 1484, 1485-1486, 99 N.Y.S.3d 538 [4th Dept. 2019], lv denied 35 N.Y.3d 1096, 131 N.Y.S.3d 307, 155 N.E.3d 800 [2020] ; see County Law § 722-c ). Contrary to his contention, "defendant did not make the requisite showing of necessity" to justify his request for additional investigatory funds ( Micolo , 171 A.D.3d at 1486, 99 N.Y.S.3d 538 ; see People v. Walker , 167 A.D.3d 1502, 1503, 89 N.Y.S.3d 809 [4th Dept. 2018], lv denied 33 N.Y.3d 955, 100 N.Y.S.3d 168, 123 N.E.3d 827 [2019] ).
Defendant also contends that the evidence is not legally sufficient to support the conviction. That contention is not preserved for our review inasmuch as defendant's motion for a trial order of dismissal was not specifically directed at the alleged deficiencies identified on appeal (see People v. Gray , 86 N.Y.2d 10, 19, 629 N.Y.S.2d 173, 652 N.E.2d 919 [1995] ), and he also failed to renew his motion after presenting evidence (see People v. Hines , 97 N.Y.2d 56, 61, 736 N.Y.S.2d 643, 762 N.E.2d 329 [2001], rearg denied 97 N.Y.2d 678, 738 N.Y.S.2d 292, 764 N.E.2d 396 [2001] ). In any event, that contention is without merit (see generally People v. Bleakley , 69 N.Y.2d 490, 495, 515 N.Y.S.2d 761, 508 N.E.2d 672 [1987] ).
In his CPL 330.30 motion, defendant sought to set aside the verdict on the grounds of, inter alia, newly discovered evidence. We reject defendant's contention that he was entitled to a new trial on that particular ground. The alleged newly discovered evidence addressed in the CPL 330.30 motion related to witnesses who claimed that defendant was with them during and after the crimes in question and provided him with an innocent explanation for being in the area where he was arrested. Such evidence constitutes alibi evidence, and "alibi evidence cannot ordinarily form the basis for a new trial on the grounds of newly discovered evidence" ( People v. Ramos , 166 Misc. 2d 515, 519, 630 N.Y.S.2d 1014 [Sup. Ct., Kings County 1995], affd 232 A.D.2d 583, 648 N.Y.S.2d 955 [2d Dept. 1996] ; see People v. Giordano , 144 Misc. 108, 110, 259 N.Y.S. 178 [Bronx County Ct. 1932] ). That is because defendants would generally know all of the particulars of their alibi before trial, especially where, as here, the defendant is arrested the night of the crime and the purported alibi witnesses are people known to the defendant (cf. Ramos , 166 Misc. 2d at 519-520, 630 N.Y.S.2d 1014 ). Generally, when evidence is known to a defendant at the time of trial, it cannot be considered newly discovered evidence (see e.g. People v. Lostumbo , 182 A.D.3d 1007, 1010, 123 N.Y.S.3d 319 [4th Dept. 2020], lv denied 35 N.Y.3d 1046, 127 N.Y.S.3d 821, 151 N.E.3d 502 [2020] ; People v. Backus , 129 A.D.3d 1621, 1624, 14 N.Y.S.3d 241 [4th Dept. 2015], lv denied 27 N.Y.3d 991, 38 N.Y.S.3d 102, 59 N.E.3d 1214 [2016] ). "A defendant who chooses to withhold evidence should not be given a new trial on the basis of the evidence thus withheld" ( Backus , 129 A.D.3d at 1624, 14 N.Y.S.3d 241 [internal quotation marks omitted]).
Contrary to defendant's contention, we conclude that the sentence is not unduly harsh or severe.
We have reviewed defendant's remaining contentions and conclude that they do not warrant modification or reversal of the judgment.