Opinion
360 KA 20-00784
06-11-2021
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Victor E. JOHNSON, Sr., Defendant-Appellant. (Appeal No. 1.)
ROBERT M. GRAFF, LOCKPORT, FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. VICTOR E. JOHNSON, SR., DEFENDANT-APPELLANT PRO SE. BRIAN D. SEAMAN, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, LOCKPORT (THOMAS H. BRANDT OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
ROBERT M. GRAFF, LOCKPORT, FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
VICTOR E. JOHNSON, SR., DEFENDANT-APPELLANT PRO SE.
BRIAN D. SEAMAN, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, LOCKPORT (THOMAS H. BRANDT OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
PRESENT: CENTRA, J.P., PERADOTTO, TROUTMAN, WINSLOW, AND BANNISTER, JJ.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed.
Memorandum: Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him upon his plea of guilty of attempted enterprise corruption ( Penal Law §§ 110.00, 460.20 [1] [a] ). We affirm.
Initially, to the extent that the purported waiver of the right to appeal is relevant to any of his contentions, we agree with defendant that he did not validly waive his right to appeal (see People v. Thomas , 34 N.Y.3d 545, 565-566, 122 N.Y.S.3d 226, 144 N.E.3d 970 [2019], cert denied ––– U.S. ––––, 140 S. Ct. 2634, 206 L.Ed.2d 512 [2020] ; People v. Mazaika , 191 A.D.3d 1419, 1419, 138 N.Y.S.3d 416 [4th Dept. 2021] ).
Addressing first defendant's contentions in his main brief, we reject defendant's assertion that Supreme Court erred in refusing to entertain his pro se motions to withdraw his plea. "Because a criminal defendant is not entitled to hybrid representation, ... the decision to entertain [pro se] motions [filed by a represented defendant] lies within the sound discretion of the trial court" ( People v. Rodriguez , 95 N.Y.2d 497, 500, 719 N.Y.S.2d 208, 741 N.E.2d 882 [2000] ; see People v. Alsaifullah , 96 A.D.3d 1103, 1103, 946 N.Y.S.2d 273 [3d Dept. 2012], lv denied 19 N.Y.3d 994, 951 N.Y.S.2d 470, 975 N.E.2d 916 [2012] ). Here, we conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to entertain the pro se motions (see Rodriguez , 95 N.Y.2d at 502-503, 719 N.Y.S.2d 208, 741 N.E.2d 882 ; People v. Fowler , 136 A.D.3d 1395, 1395, 24 N.Y.S.3d 479 [4th Dept. 2016], lv denied 27 N.Y.3d 996, 38 N.Y.S.3d 106, 59 N.E.3d 1218 [2016], reconsideration denied 27 N.Y.3d 1132, 39 N.Y.S.3d 114, 61 N.E.3d 513 [2016] ). Contrary to defendant's related contention, we conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion in denying defense counsel's request for a further adjournment of sentencing to afford him an opportunity to review defendant's pro se motions (see People v. Spears , 24 N.Y.3d 1057, 1058-1060, 999 N.Y.S.2d 818, 24 N.E.3d 1082 [2014] ; People v. Shanley , 189 A.D.3d 2108, 2108, 134 N.Y.S.3d 856 [4th Dept. 2020], lv denied 36 N.Y.3d 1100, 144 N.Y.S.3d 117, 167 N.E.3d 1252 [2021] ). Defendant's challenge to the voluntariness of his plea is thus not preserved for our review (see People v. Carroll , 172 A.D.3d 1821, 1822, 99 N.Y.S.3d 520 [3d Dept. 2019], lv denied 34 N.Y.3d 929, 109 N.Y.S.3d 743, 133 N.E.3d 448 [2019] ; People v. Horton , 166 A.D.3d 1226, 1227, 86 N.Y.S.3d 352 [3d Dept. 2018] ), and we conclude that this case does not fall within the narrow exception to the preservation requirement (see People v. Lopez , 71 N.Y.2d 662, 666, 529 N.Y.S.2d 465, 525 N.E.2d 5 [1988] ). We decline to exercise our power to review defendant's challenge as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice (see CPL 470.15 [3] [c] ).
Furthermore, by pleading guilty, defendant forfeited his challenges to the court's Molineux and Sandoval rulings (see People v. Sapp , 147 A.D.3d 1532, 1534, 47 N.Y.S.3d 565 [4th Dept. 2017], lv denied 29 N.Y.3d 1086, 64 N.Y.S.3d 176, 86 N.E.3d 263 [2017] ).
Defendant contends in his pro se supplemental brief that he was denied effective assistance of counsel, which rendered his plea involuntary, because defense counsel failed to properly investigate, did not adequately seek discovery, provided inadequate advice during their conversations, and failed to move for a competency examination. Defendant's contention survives his guilty plea "only insofar as he demonstrates that the plea bargaining process was infected by [the] allegedly ineffective assistance or that defendant entered the plea because of [his] attorney[’s] allegedly poor performance" ( People v. Rausch , 126 A.D.3d 1535, 1535, 6 N.Y.S.3d 863 [4th Dept. 2015], lv denied 26 N.Y.3d 1149, 32 N.Y.S.3d 63, 51 N.E.3d 574 [2016] [internal quotation marks omitted]; see People v. Spencer , 170 A.D.3d 1614, 1615, 94 N.Y.S.3d 503 [4th Dept. 2019] ). Here, defendant's contention "is based, in part, on matter appearing on the record and, in part, on matter outside the record, and, thus, constitutes a ‘mixed claim of ineffective assistance’ " ( People v. Tallegrand , 177 A.D.3d 783, 784, 110 N.Y.S.3d 334 [2d Dept. 2019] ; see Spencer , 170 A.D.3d at 1615, 94 N.Y.S.3d 503 ). Where, as here, "the ‘claim of ineffective assistance of counsel cannot be resolved without reference to matter outside of the record, a CPL 440.10 proceeding is the appropriate forum for reviewing the [mixed] claim’ " to the extent it survives the guilty plea ( People v. Wilson [Appeal No. 2], 162 A.D.3d 1591, 1592, 78 N.Y.S.3d 819 [4th Dept. 2018] [emphasis omitted]; see generally People v. Maffei , 35 N.Y.3d 264, 269-270, 127 N.Y.S.3d 403, 150 N.E.3d 1169 [2020] ).
Even assuming, arguendo, that defendant preserved for our review his further contention in his pro se supplemental brief that the court erred in failing to recuse itself, we conclude that "the record does not support his claim of bias on the part of the court and, thus, recusal was not required" ( People v. Barnes , 156 A.D.3d 1417, 1419, 67 N.Y.S.3d 373 [4th Dept. 2017], lv denied 31 N.Y.3d 1078, 79 N.Y.S.3d 99, 103 N.E.3d 1246 [2018] ; see generally People v. McCann , 85 N.Y.2d 951, 952-953, 626 N.Y.S.2d 1006, 650 N.E.2d 853 [1995] ; People v. Moreno , 70 N.Y.2d 403, 405-406, 521 N.Y.S.2d 663, 516 N.E.2d 200 [1987] ). In addition, by pleading guilty before the court decided his pro se motion—which was adopted by defense counsel—to dismiss the indictment on statutory and constitutional speedy trial grounds, defendant abandoned those claims and is foreclosed from pursuing the merits thereof on appeal (see People v. Hardy , 173 A.D.3d 1649, 1649-1650, 102 N.Y.S.3d 374 [4th Dept. 2019], lv denied 34 N.Y.3d 932, 109 N.Y.S.3d 756, 133 N.E.3d 463 [2019] ; see also People v. Rodriguez , 50 N.Y.2d 553, 558, 429 N.Y.S.2d 631, 407 N.E.2d 475 [1980] ).
Finally, we have considered the remaining contentions in defendant's pro se supplemental brief and conclude that they are either without merit or involve matters outside the record.