Opinion
Docket No. 163659, 163758.
Submitted July 12, 1995, at Grand Rapids.
Decided August 18, 1995, at 9:15 A.M. Leave to appeal sought.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, Dennis Murphy, Prosecuting Attorney, and J. Ronald Kaplansky, Assistant Attorney General, for the people.
Benson Tacket, P.C. (by Timothy L. Tacket and Charles F. Boekeloo), and John V. Hyland, Jr., in propria persona.
Before: DOCTOROFF, C.J., and NEFF and CONNOR, JJ.
In Docket No. 163659, a jury convicted defendant of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520b(1)(a); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(a), involving his eight-year-old daughter. In Docket No. 163758, another jury convicted defendant of first-degree criminal sexual conduct involving his other daughter, who was nine years old at the time of the crime. In both cases, defendant presented no defense witnesses. The two cases were consolidated for sentencing and the trial court sentenced defendant to concurrent terms of 18 to 27 1/2 years. Defendant appealed as of right from each case, and we consolidated the appeals. We affirm in part and reverse in part.
DOCKET NO. 163758
Defendant's nine-year-old daughter testified that defendant touched her "private parts" while applying ointment to a rash on her inner thighs. This daughter testified that her mother and grandmother had also applied the ointment, but had never put their fingers in her vagina. The nine-year-old's physician, Dr. Karen Koby-Olson, testified that she examined the child and that, although the physical evidence was not conclusive, sexual abuse probably had occurred.
First, defendant argues that the trial court erred in allowing Dr. Koby-Olson to testify about her opinion that defendant probably abused his nine-year-old daughter. Because defendant did not object to the introduction of this evidence at trial, this issue is not preserved for review. People v Grant, 445 Mich. 535, 546; 520 N.W.2d 123 (1994).
Second, defendant claims that the trial court improperly applied the medical treatment hearsay exception, MRE 803(4), when it admitted the statement of the nine-year-old daughter to Dr. Koby-Olson. We disagree.
In People v Meeboer (After Remand), 439 Mich. 310; 484 N.W.2d 621 (1992), our Supreme Court recognized that complainants of "tender years" may not understand the need to tell the truth to medical professionals as adults do. The Supreme Court therefore adopted a ten-factor test for establishing the trustworthiness of the young declarant's statement. Id. at 324-325.
Since Meeboer, Michigan has adopted a "tender years" hearsay exception that applies to children under the age of ten who disclose to third parties that they were victims of sexual abuse. MRE 803A. We presume that the trial court neglected to apply this rule because the prosecution informed defendant one day before trial of its intention to ask Dr. Koby-Olson about the nine-year-old daughter's allegations of sexual abuse by defendant. MRE 803A requires more extensive notice. Id.
The first factor is the age and maturity of the declarant. Id. This daughter was nine years old at the time that she told Dr. Koby-Olson of the abuse. Children over the age of ten are presumed to be reliable. People v Van Tassel (On Remand), 197 Mich. App. 653, 662; 496 N.W.2d 388 (1992). Lacking any evidence that the nine-year-old was immature, we will weigh her age and maturity in her favor.
The second factor is the manner in which the statements were elicited. Meeboer, supra at 324-325. In the evidentiary hearing regarding whether the daughter's statement could be admitted, Dr. Koby-Olson testified that she asked the nine-year-old if she had any problems. The nine-year-old responded, "You mean about that?" When the doctor asked the girl to clarify, defendant's daughter said, "About my dad touching me down there?" We find that this statement was not elicited in a manner that would undermine its credibility.
The third and fourth factors for the trial court to consider are the manner in which the statements are phrased and the use of terminology unexpected in a child of similar years. Id. at 325. References to touching "down there" are not scientifically complex and do not indicate that the child's statements were influenced by an adult.
The fifth factor involves the reason for the examination. If the prosecutor scheduled the medical examination, it might indicate that the examination was not for the purposes of medical treatment. Id. However, in this case, the grandmother of defendant's daughters testified that she took both girls to see the doctor. She requested that the doctor perform a vaginal examination and told the doctor that the girls had told their psychologist that they had been abused by defendant. Because a grandmother would not be in a position to consider the admissibility of evidence when requesting medical treatment, we find that the nine-year-old was examined only for medical reasons.
The sixth and seventh factors involve the timing of the examination in relation to the abuse and the trial. If the examination is close in time to the abuse, the child may still be suffering from pain and distress. An examination close to trial might indicate a nonmedical motive for the examination. Id. The medical examination at issue was scheduled before any knowledge of the alleged sexual abuse. Originally, the examination involved just a routine physical. After becoming aware of the potential abuse, the girls' grandmother asked Dr. Koby-Olson to do a vaginal examination. The nine-year-old testified that she did not inform anyone of the abuse until long after the incident because defendant had threatened her. We find that the timing of the examination did not indicate either that it was too close to the abuse to be trustworthy or that its proximity to the trial date indicated a nonmedical motive for the examination.
The eighth factor is the type of examination. Statements made in the course of treatment for psychological disorders may not be reliable. Id. The child made the allegations of abuse during a routine physical examination by the pediatrician who had cared for her since birth. A routine physical provides no indicia of untrustworthiness.
The ninth factor involves the relation of the declarants to the person identified. This factor is meant to ensure that the child did not misidentify her assailant. Id. The nine-year-old testified that her father "touched her down there." Because the child knows her own father, we assume that no misidentification occurred.
The tenth factor is the existence of a motive to fabricate. Id. Defendant has not provided any evidence of a motive to fabricate.
We hold that the trial court properly applied the Meeboer factors and correctly ruled that the nine-year-old daughter's statement to her doctor was inherently trustworthy. The trial court did not err in admitting this statement pursuant to MRE 803(4).
Next, defendant argues that the admission of the nine-year-old's statements to her psychologist constituted hearsay. The children's grandmother learned of the alleged abuse because the children initially revealed it to their psychologist, Deborah Gibson. The trial court ruled that Gibson could not testify regarding the children's allegations of abuse. Defendant now objects to the following testimony of the nine-year-old daughter:
Q. Do you remember the first time that you told anybody that this was happening to you?A. Yes.
Q. You do remember that? Who did you tell?
A. Deborah . . .
Defense Counsel: Objection, your Honor. Objection at this point, your Honor. I don't think that's appropriate and not something that we should get into at this point.
The trial court sustained the objection. Hearsay is a statement, other than the one made by the declarant while testifying at a trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. MRE 801(c). Because the nine-year-old was the declarant testifying at the trial or hearing, her statement was not hearsay.
DOCKET NO. 163659
Defendant's eight-year-old daughter testified at trial. She stated that defendant threatened her if she told anyone about "something he did" to her "privates." In the midst of her testimony, defendant interrupted her twice. The first time, he asked if she could get some Kleenex. The second time, he screamed, "That's my daughter you're punishing." After the second outburst, the child was unable to continue. The trial court ordered defendant, the media, and the public to leave the courtroom and watch the testimony on closed-circuit television. The jury also retired to the jury room to watch the eight-year-old testify on closed-circuit television. The prosecution and defense counsel remained in the courtroom during the remainder of the testimony. Pursuant to MCL 600.2163a(4); MSA 27A.2163(1)(4), the eight-year-old's aunt was allowed to sit in the courtroom and act as a support person. The child finished her testimony over closed-circuit television. The eight-year-old also stated that defendant had digitally penetrated her.
Dr. Koby-Olson also testified regarding the eight-year-old. She stated that her examination revealed some redness and vaginal discharge due to a yeast infection, but no abnormalities existed.
Defendant first contends that the trial court violated the statutory provisions for providing a support person. Defendant maintains that the trial court appointed a support person without forcing the prosecution to comply with the statutory notice provisions, allowed a biased party to act as support person, and allowed the support person to sit in the jury box as if the eight-year-old were testifying to her.
Because defendant failed to object to these procedures at trial, this issue is not preserved for review. People v Rollins, 207 Mich. App. 465, 468; 525 N.W.2d 484 (1994). The purpose of the appellate preservation requirements is to induce litigants to do everything they can in the trial court to prevent error, eliminate prejudice, or at least create a record of the error and its prejudice. People v Taylor, 195 Mich. App. 57, 60; 489 N.W.2d 99 (1992). Had defendant raised these objections in the trial court, the court could have addressed the alleged problems before they occurred. By failing to do so, defendant did not preserve this issue for review.
Defendant also claims that his removal from the courtroom violated his right under the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution to confront the witnesses against him. In Maryland v Craig, 497 U.S. 836; 110 S Ct 3157; 111 L Ed 2d 666 (1990), the United States Supreme Court ruled on a Sixth Amendment challenge to a Maryland statute that allowed a child witness in a child abuse case to testify by closed-circuit television outside the defendant's physical presence. The Supreme Court held that a state's interest in the physical and psychological well-being of child abuse victims may be sufficiently important to outweigh, at least in some cases, a defendant's right to face accusers in court. Id. at 852. The Court stated that the Maryland statute preserved confrontation rights other than face-to-face confrontation. The statute required the child to be competent to testify. The defendant retained full opportunity for cross-examination, and the judge, the jury, and the defendant were able to view the demeanor of the witness over a video monitor while she testified. Therefore, the statute did not deprive the defendant of his Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses against him. Id. at 851-852.
In this case, defendant's confrontation rights were preserved. The eight-year-old was competent to testify. Defendant retained full opportunity for cross-examination, and both defendant and the jury could view the witness on the monitor. Furthermore, defense counsel remained in the room with the witness so counsel could object to inappropriate questions, and defendant retained the opportunity to confer with counsel during the questioning. We hold that, pursuant to Craig, defendant's right to confront witnesses against him was not violated.
Next, defendant argues that he was denied effective assistance of counsel because counsel misinterpreted the eight-year-old's testimony and then misrepresented that information to defendant. Defendant failed to request an evidentiary hearing regarding this issue. Because the record contains no statements by defense counsel of either intentional or accidental misrepresentation of the testimony, this claim is not preserved for review. People v Wilson, 196 Mich. App. 604, 612; 493 N.W.2d 471 (1992).
Defendant also argues that his counsel was ineffective because he failed to call any of fourteen character witnesses. Ineffective assistance of counsel can take the form of failure to call witnesses only if the failure deprives the defendant of a substantial defense. People v Hoyt, 185 Mich. App. 531, 537-538; 462 N.W.2d 793 (1990). A defense is substantial if it might have made a difference in the outcome of the trial. People v Kelly, 186 Mich. App. 524, 526; 465 N.W.2d 569 (1990). Because defendant failed to identify any of the alleged fourteen character witnesses and failed to indicate the substance of their potential testimony, we cannot say that defendant was denied a substantial defense. Defendant was not denied effective assistance of counsel.
As in Docket No. 163758, defendant argues that the trial court erroneously allowed the eight-year-old to present hearsay evidence about her statements to Dr. Koby-Olson. As we stated earlier, a statement made by the declarant at trial is not hearsay. MRE 801(c).
SENTENCING
The trial court consolidated these cases for sentencing. Defendant objects to the trial court's award of fifty points for Offense Variable (ov) 12 of the sentencing guidelines. In awarding fifty points, the trial court considered all the penetrations by defendant against his daughters in the past several months.
OV 12 provides additional points for criminal sexual penetrations other than the penetration that formed the basis for the conviction. All penetrations that involve the same offender and arise out of the same transaction should be considered. The guidelines add twenty-five points for one additional penetration and fifty points for two or more additional penetrations. Michigan Sentencing Guidelines (2d ed).
In People v Warner, 190 Mich. App. 26; 475 N.W.2d 397 (1991), the defendant pleaded guilty of third-degree criminal sexual conduct. The trial court added fifty points to the defendant's score for ov 12 because the presentence report indicated that the defendant had been involved in a sexual relationship with his daughter and had molested the daughter six times in the past few months. This Court affirmed the scoring of ov 12 by the trial court. We stated that uncontroverted evidence in the presentence report may be used to support the trial court's scoring of offense variables. Id. at 28-29. The case contained no specific analysis of ov 12.
Since Warner, two panels of this Court have disagreed about the extent of the precedent set by Warner. In People v Polus, 197 Mich. App. 197; 495 N.W.2d 402 (1992), another panel of this Court held that all prior conduct between a defendant and his victim need not be considered in ov 12. Any statement to the contrary in Warner was mere dicta. The Warner decision never explicitly addressed which prior conduct should be included in the consideration of ov 12. Id. at 200, n 3. Because the instructions for ov 12 stated that only prior conduct involved in the same transaction should be included in the point calculation for ov 12, conduct from several months before the incident leading to the conviction should not be included in that variable. Furthermore, criminal acts of the same nature committed against the same victim within the last six months were already considered in the point calculation for ov 25. Id. at 200.
In People v Bivens, 206 Mich. App. 284; 520 N.W.2d 711 (1994), a third panel of this Court held that Polus was wrongly decided. The Bivens Court held that it was bound by the decision in Warner. Because the consideration of prior conduct in ov 12 was essential to the outcome of Warner, this discussion was not merely dicta. Therefore, this Court ruled that it was required by Administrative Order No. 1990-6 to follow Warner.
Concurring in Bivens, Judge MICHAEL J. KELLY stated:
I think both opinions in Polus and the majority opinion in this case incorrectly assess the Warner Court's treatment of prior sexual penetrations in terms of whether or not it is dicta. Because Warner never addressed the issue, there is nothing to debate with respect to dicta. Rather, Warner is simply inapplicable. [ Id. at 288.]
We agree with the reasoning of Judge KELLY'S concurrence in Bivens. Therefore, we adopt the analysis of ov 12 contained in Polus. We hold that, because Warner never considered the proper scoring of ov 12, the Bivens Court incorrectly held that it was bound by Warner.
We view Warner as initiating a two-step process. First, the trial court may consider all information in the presentence report when scoring offense variables under the guidelines. This general requirement was considered in Warner. In that case, the defendant claimed that the trial court, in scoring ov 12, improperly included the penetration involved in the offense for which he was convicted. Id. at 27. The trial court responded that it awarded fifty points on the basis of all of the incidents of sexual penetration listed in the presentence report. Id. at 28. Our Court affirmed, stating only that "uncontroverted evidence contained within the presentence report may be used to support the trial court's scoring of offense variables." Id.
Second, the trial court must consider the specific requirements of each offense variable. This requires an analysis of the requirement in ov 12 that all conduct be considered that "arises out of the same criminal transaction." Although the Bivens Court reads Warner to state that any instance of prior sexual penetration should be included in ov 12, Warner never even discussed the prior conduct requirement. However, the prior conduct requirement was the central question in Polus. Polus involved a detailed analysis of the relevant language in ov 12 and the implications of other offense variables on the prior conduct requirement. Id. at 199-202. Because we hold that Warner did not address the question of which prior acts of sexual penetration should be considered in the scoring of ov 12, but that this issue was addressed in Polus, we are bound by Administrative Order 1994-4 to follow Polus. Accordingly, we also hold that Bivens was wrongly decided.
In Docket No. 163758, the trial court properly admitted the nine-year-old's statements to Dr. Koby-Olson pursuant to the medical treatment hearsay exception. MRE 803(4). Because the nine-year-old testified at trial that she told her psychologist about the abuse, her statements did not constitute hearsay. MRE 801(c).
In Docket No. 163659, defendant failed to preserve his right to attack the trial court's compliance with the statutory provisions authorizing a support person in a child abuse trial because defendant failed to object to the alleged noncompliance in the trial court. Pursuant to Craig, supra, the trial court's procedure did not deny defendant his Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses against him.
At sentencing, the trial court erred in considering all of the prior conduct of defendant in the scoring of ov 12. Pursuant to Polus, supra, the trial court can only consider conduct arising out the same criminal transaction in the scoring of ov 12. We affirm defendant's convictions. We remand for resentencing in a manner consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.