Opinion
2015-06-12
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Harold HOWARD, Defendant–Appellant.
The Legal Aid Bureau of Buffalo, Inc., Buffalo (Kristin M. Preve of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. Frank A. Sedita, III, District Attorney, Buffalo (Nicholas T. Texido of Counsel), for Respondent.
The Legal Aid Bureau of Buffalo, Inc., Buffalo (Kristin M. Preve of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. Frank A. Sedita, III, District Attorney, Buffalo (Nicholas T. Texido of Counsel), for Respondent.
PRESENT: CENTRA, J.P., PERADOTTO, CARNI, LINDLEY, AND DeJOSEPH, JJ.
MEMORANDUM:
Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him upon a jury verdict of criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree (Penal Law § 265.03[3] ) and criminal possession of a controlled substance in the fourth degree (§ 220.09[1] ). We reject defendant's contention that, because the traffic stop of his motor vehicle was, as defendant characterizes it, “pre-ordained,” County Court erred in refusing to suppress the evidence obtained by the police following the stop. It is well settled that, “where a police officer has probable cause to believe that the driver of an automobile has committed a traffic violation, a stop does not violate [the state or federal constitutions, and] ... neither the primary motivation of the officer nor a determination of what a reasonable traffic officer would have done under the circumstances is relevant” ( People v. Robinson, 97 N.Y.2d 341, 349, 741 N.Y.S.2d 147, 767 N.E.2d 638; see Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 812–813, 116 S.Ct. 1769, 135 L.Ed.2d 89). Moreover, the credibility determinations of the suppression court “are entitled to great deference on appeal and will not be disturbed unless clearly unsupported by the record” ( People v. Spann, 82 A.D.3d 1013, 1014, 918 N.Y.S.2d 588 [internal quotation marks omitted] ). Here, the testimony of the police officer that he observed the passenger in defendant's vehicle without a seat belt as the vehicles passed each other, and smelled the odor of burnt marihuana when he approached defendant's passenger after the traffic stop, is not, contrary to defendant's contention, incredible as a matter of law ( see People v. Villanueva, 137 A.D.2d 852, 853, 525 N.Y.S.2d 317, lv. denied 71 N.Y.2d 1034, 530 N.Y.S.2d 569, 526 N.E.2d 62). Nor did any alleged inconsistencies in the officer's testimony render it “manifestly untrue, physically impossible, contrary to experience, or self-contradictory” ( People v. James, 19 A.D.3d 617, 618, 798 N.Y.S.2d 483, lv. denied 5 N.Y.3d 829, 804 N.Y.S.2d 43, 837 N.E.2d 742), or “demonstrate that it was a fabrication patently tailored to meet constitutional objections” ( People v. Granger, 122 A.D.3d 940, 941, 997 N.Y.S.2d 466). Additionally, having justifiably stopped the vehicle for a traffic violation and having detected the odor of marihuana from inside it, the police had reasonable suspicion that the vehicle contained drugs, and the subsequent canine sniff was proper ( see People v. Ponzo, 111 A.D.3d 1347, 1348, 975 N.Y.S.2d 274).
We reject defendant's further contention that the court and/or the prosecutor improperly informed the jury of the pretrial suppression ruling. We conclude that the court properly instructed the jury that it was not to consider the lawfulness of the stop of defendant's vehicle, and that instruction was appropriately balanced by instructions relating to credibility and the testimony of police officers ( see People v. Murphy, 284 A.D.2d 120, 120, 725 N.Y.S.2d 199, lv. denied 97 N.Y.2d 685, 738 N.Y.S.2d 301, 764 N.E.2d 405).
Defendant contends that his Sixth Amendment right of confrontation was violated by the court's pretrial ruling that the entirety of the passenger's statement made to the police during the traffic stop would be admissible if defendant “opened the door” by offering a part thereof ( see generally People v. Rogers, 103 A.D.3d 1150, 1153, 958 N.Y.S.2d 835, lv. denied 21 N.Y.3d 946, 968 N.Y.S.2d 8, 990 N.E.2d 142). That contention is not preserved for our review inasmuch as defendant failed to object to the admission of the entire statement on that specific ground ( see People v. Rivera, 33 A.D.3d 450, 450–451, 823 N.Y.S.2d 14, lv. denied 7 N.Y.3d 928, 827 N.Y.S.2d 697, 860 N.E.2d 999), and we decline to exercise our power to review it as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice ( seeCPL 470.15[6][a] ).
Contrary to defendant's contention, we conclude that the court properly exercised its discretion in conducting an in camera inquiry and in sua sponte excusing a venireperson who expressed fear of retribution during jury selection ( see People v. Wilson, 88 N.Y.2d 363, 378–379, 645 N.Y.S.2d 759, 668 N.E.2d 879; People v. Stone, 239 A.D.2d 872, 873, 659 N.Y.S.2d 674, lv. denied 90 N.Y.2d 943, 664 N.Y.S.2d 762, 687 N.E.2d 659), and we conclude that defendant was not deprived of his right to counsel or to the selection of an impartial jury thereby ( see Wilson, 88 N.Y.2d at 378–379, 645 N.Y.S.2d 759, 668 N.E.2d 879).
We reject defendant's further contention that the court erred in permitting the prosecutor to elicit hearsay from a police witness. The testimony of the police officer that he told his partner in the patrol vehicle that he had observed a seat belt violation in defendant's vehicle was not offered for the truth of the matter but, rather was offered for the effect on the listener, i.e., to explain the conduct of the partner, as the operator of the police vehicle, in stopping defendant's vehicle ( see People v. Lester, 83 A.D.3d 1578, 1579, 921 N.Y.S.2d 435, lv. denied 17 N.Y.3d 818, 929 N.Y.S.2d 807, 954 N.E.2d 98). We therefore further conclude, contrary to defendant's contention, that his counsel was not ineffective in failing to object to that testimony ( see generally People v. Loomis, 126 A.D.3d 1394, 1394–1395, 4 N.Y.S.3d 459).
Defendant further contends that the prosecutor improperly bolstered the credibility of a police officer by asking the officer on redirect examination if he would be jeopardizing his career by “mak[ing] this stuff up” over “one arrest,” and by making comments of a similar nature during summation. Although that tactic is generally impermissible ( see People v. Webb, 68 A.D.2d 331, 333, 417 N.Y.S.2d 92; see also People v. Bonaparte, 98 A.D.2d 778, 778, 469 N.Y.S.2d 492), we conclude that, under the circumstances, it was fair response, respectively, to defense counsel's cross-examination of that witness ( see People v. Celdo, 291 A.D.2d 357, 358, 739 N.Y.S.2d 25, lv. denied 98 N.Y.2d 673, 746 N.Y.S.2d 462, 774 N.E.2d 227; People v. Greenhagen, 78 A.D.2d 964, 965, 433 N.Y.S.2d 683, lv. denied 52 N.Y.2d 833, 437 N.Y.S.2d 1036, 418 N.E.2d 685), and defense counsel's summation ( see People v. Balnavis, 175 A.D.2d 134, 134, 573 N.Y.S.2d 883, lv. denied 79 N.Y.2d 824, 580 N.Y.S.2d 204, 588 N.E.2d 102; People v. Hernandez, 128 A.D.2d 637, 637, 513 N.Y.S.2d 33, lv. denied 70 N.Y.2d 648, 518 N.Y.S.2d 1040, 512 N.E.2d 566).
Although we agree with defendant that it was improper for the prosecutor to comment upon and emphasize the hollow-point nature of the bullets in the recovered gun, that impropriety was not so egregious as to deny defendant a fair trial ( see generally People v. Diaz, 52 A.D.3d 1230, 1231, 861 N.Y.S.2d 543, lv. denied 11 N.Y.3d 831, 868 N.Y.S.2d 606, 897 N.E.2d 1090).
Finally, we have reviewed the remaining instances of alleged ineffective assistance of counsel raised by defendant and conclude that he received meaningful representation ( see generally People v. Baldi, 54 N.Y.2d 137, 147, 444 N.Y.S.2d 893, 429 N.E.2d 400).
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed.