Opinion
11-13-2015
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Gerald E. HOGUE, Defendant–Appellant.
The Legal Aid Bureau of Buffalo, Inc., Buffalo (Timothy P. Murphy of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant. Gerald E. Hogue, Defendant–Appellant Pro Se. Frank A. Sedita, III, District Attorney, Buffalo (Matthew B. Powers of Counsel), for Respondent. PRESENT: CENTRA, J.P., PERADOTTO, CARNI, WHALEN, AND DeJOSEPH, JJ.
The Legal Aid Bureau of Buffalo, Inc., Buffalo (Timothy P. Murphy of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant.
Gerald E. Hogue, Defendant–Appellant Pro Se.
Frank A. Sedita, III, District Attorney, Buffalo (Matthew B. Powers of Counsel), for Respondent.
PRESENT: CENTRA, J.P., PERADOTTO, CARNI, WHALEN, AND DeJOSEPH, JJ.
Opinion
MEMORANDUM:
1 On appeal from a judgment convicting him upon a jury verdict of criminal possession of a weapon in the second degree (Penal Law § 265.03[3] ), defendant contends that County Court erred in denying his application pursuant to Batson v. Kentucky (476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69) inasmuch as the prosecutor's explanations for striking the prospective juror were vague and nonspecific, thereby compelling an inference of discriminatory motive. We reject that contention. After the court determined that defendant had established a prima facie case of discrimination, the prosecutor explained that he was striking the juror because, throughout the proceedings, the prospective juror had “appeared completely bored and disinterested.” Moreover, the prospective juror was “resting her head on her hand” and admitted that she was just “trying to stay awake.” Inasmuch as the prospective juror was the first juror seated on the first panel, the prosecutor questioned whether she could be an interested and conscientious juror throughout the entire trial. Affording considerable deference to the court's determination that the prosecutor's specific and race-neutral reasons were nonpretextual (see People v. Harris, 50 A.D.3d 1608, 1608, 857 N.Y.S.2d 840, lv. denied 10 N.Y.3d 959, 863 N.Y.S.2d 143, 893 N.E.2d 449; see generally People v. Hernandez, 75 N.Y.2d 350, 356, 553 N.Y.S.2d 85, 552 N.E.2d 621, affd. 500 U.S. 352, 111 S.Ct. 1859, 114 L.Ed.2d 395), we conclude that the court properly denied defendant's Batson challenge (see People v. Artis, 262 A.D.2d 215, 215, 694 N.Y.S.2d 5, affd. 94 N.Y.2d 507, 706 N.Y.S.2d 683, 727 N.E.2d 1237, rearg. denied 95 N.Y.2d 849, 713 N.Y.S.2d 524, 735 N.E.2d 1289; People v. Alston, 307 A.D.2d 1046, 1046, 763 N.Y.S.2d 764, lv. denied 1 N.Y.3d 539, 775 N.Y.S.2d 244, 807 N.E.2d 294).
2 Defendant further contends that he was denied a fair trial by the admission of evidence of an uncharged crime, i.e., physically striking a 15–year–old girl during a melee that occurred before he was arrested for the instant offense (see generally People v. Ventimiglia, 52 N.Y.2d 350, 438 N.Y.S.2d 261, 420 N.E.2d 59), as well as the lack of any curative instructions related to that evidence. Although defendant concedes that his contention is not preserved for our review because “he did not object to the testimony in question” (People v. Paul, 78 A.D.3d 1684, 1684, 911 N.Y.S.2d 757, lv. denied 16 N.Y.3d 834, 921 N.Y.S.2d 199, 946 N.E.2d 187), he further contends that he was denied effective assistance of counsel because defense counsel failed to object to such evidence, failed to request a Ventimiglia hearing, and failed to request curative instructions following the admission of the Ventimiglia evidence. In our view, the evidence was admissible because it “ ‘provided background information explaining’ ” why the police officers were called to the scene (People v. Coldiron, 87 A.D.3d 1383, 1383, 929 N.Y.S.2d 898, lv. denied 19 N.Y.3d 959, 950 N.Y.S.2d 110, 973 N.E.2d 208), and “was needed to complete the narrative of the events” that prompted police involvement (People v. Miller, 286 A.D.2d 981, 982, 730 N.Y.S.2d 617, lv. denied 97 N.Y.2d 657, 737 N.Y.S.2d 58, 762 N.E.2d 936). Even assuming, arguendo, that the court “ erred in admitting evidence of [an uncharged crime] without a prior ruling that [such] evidence was admissible ... and failed to give appropriate limiting instructions to the jury,” we conclude that the errors are harmless in light of the overwhelming proof of defendant's guilt (People v. Smith [Appeal No. 1], 266 A.D.2d 889, 889, 698 N.Y.S.2d 197, lv. denied 94 N.Y.2d 907, 707 N.Y.S.2d 392, 728 N.E.2d 991; see People v. Watkins, 229 A.D.2d 957, 957, 645 N.Y.S.2d 383, lv. denied 89 N.Y.2d 931, 654 N.Y.S.2d 734, 677 N.E.2d 306). Here, as in Watkins, “[t]here is no significant probability that defendant would have been acquitted but for [those errors]” (229 a.d.2d at 957, 645 N.y.s.2d 383; see generally people v. Crimmins, 36 N.Y.2d 230, 241–242, 367 N.Y.S.2d 213, 326 N.E.2d 787).
Contrary to defendant's further contention related to the alleged ineffective assistance of counsel, we conclude that “any error on trial counsel's part in not [objecting to and in not] requesting a limiting instruction regarding the evidence of [the] past uncharged crime[ ] does not rise to the level of ineffective assistance of counsel when that error is viewed in light of trial counsel's ‘entire representation of defendant’ ” (People v. Leonard, 129 A.D.3d 1592, 1594, 12 N.Y.S.3d 446, quoting People v. Oathout, 21 N.Y.3d 127, 132, 967 N.Y.S.2d 654, 989 N.E.2d 936). Moreover, defendant has “failed ‘to demonstrate the absence of strategic or other legitimate explanations' for the failure of defense counsel to pursue a ... Ventimiglia hearing, or to object to the admission of [such evidence] at trial” (People v. Webster, 56 A.D.3d 1242, 1242–1243, 867 N.Y.S.2d 292, lv. denied 11 N.Y.3d 931, 874 N.Y.S.2d 16, 902 N.E.2d 450, quoting People v. Rivera, 71 N.Y.2d 705, 709, 530 N.Y.S.2d 52, 525 N.E.2d 698).
345 Contrary to his contention, defendant was not denied his right to counsel when his request to substitute assigned counsel was denied. “The court made the requisite minimal inquiry into defendant's reasons for requesting new counsel,” but defendant failed to establish good cause for the substitution of counsel (People v. Goossens, 92 A.D.3d 1281, 1281–1282, 938 N.Y.S.2d 485, lv. denied 19 N.Y.3d 960, 950 N.Y.S.2d 112, 973 N.E.2d 210 [internal quotation marks omitted] ). “We note that the court had previously granted defendant's request to substitute counsel, and that [t]he right of an indigent criminal defendant to the services of a court-appointed lawyer does not encompass a right to appointment of successive lawyers at defendant's option” (id. at 1282, 950 N.Y.S.2d 112, 973 N.E.2d 210 [internal quotation marks omitted]; see generally People v. Sides, 75 N.Y.2d 822, 824, 552 N.Y.S.2d 555, 551 N.E.2d 1233).
6 Defendant contends that the court erred in granting the People's motion directing him to submit a buccal swab. We reject that contention. A court may issue an order to obtain corporeal evidence, such as blood or saliva, from a suspect where the People establish: “(1) probable cause to believe the suspect has committed the crime, (2) a ‘clear indication’ that relevant material evidence will be found, and (3) the method used to secure it is safe and reliable” (Matter of Abe A., 56 N.Y.2d 288, 291, 452 N.Y.S.2d 6, 437 N.E.2d 265; see People v. Smith, 95 A.D.3d 21, 24, 940 N.Y.S.2d 373). In opposition to the People's motion, defendant conceded that the People had established the third factor. Thus, to the extent that defendant contends on appeal that the People failed to meet that factor, that contention has been waived (see e.g. People v. Jones, 110 A.D.3d 1484, 1485, 973 N.Y.S.2d 897, lv. denied 22 N.Y.3d 1157, 984 N.Y.S.2d 641, 7 N.E.3d 1129; People v. Laracuente, 21 A.D.3d 1389, 1390, 801 N.Y.S.2d 676, lv. denied 6 N.Y.3d 777, 811 N.Y.S.2d 344, 844 N.E.2d 799). With respect to the remaining two factors, we conclude that the court properly granted the People's motion. Where, as here, the request was made after the defendant has been indicted, “the indictment provided the court with the requisite clear indication that probative evidence could be discovered from [the] buccal swab” (People v. Small, 79 A.D.3d 1807, 1809, 917 N.Y.S.2d 772, lv. denied 16 N.Y.3d 837, 921 N.Y.S.2d 201, 946 N.E.2d 189 [internal quotation marks omitted] ), as well as the requisite “statutory authority and probable cause” (People v. Pryor, 14 A.D.3d 723, 725, 787 N.Y.S.2d 503, lv. denied 6 N.Y.3d 779, 811 N.Y.S.2d 346, 844 N.E.2d 801).
7 Finally, defendant contends in his pro se supplemental brief that he was subjected to an illegal de facto arrest and, as a result, any physical and identification evidence obtained as a result of that arrest should have been suppressed. That contention lacks merit. As a preliminary matter, to the extent that defendant sought suppression of evidence seized from a codefendant, that contention is not preserved for our review inasmuch as defendant failed to assert his claims of standing at the suppression hearing (see People v. Carter, 86 N.Y.2d 721, 722–723, 631 N.Y.S.2d 116, 655 N.E.2d 157, rearg. denied 86 N.Y.2d 839, 634 N.Y.S.2d 447, 658 N.E.2d 225). In any event, we conclude that defendant “lacks standing to challenge the search of [the codefendant], since [defendant] was not the person against whom the search was directed[,] and he cannot complain that his constitutional privacy protections have been infringed as a result of [the search of the codefendant]” (People v. Pursley, 158 A.D.2d 255, 256, 550 N.Y.S.2d 659; see People v. Douglas, 23 A.D.3d 1151, 1152, 805 N.Y.S.2d 755, lv. denied 6 N.Y.3d 812, 812 N.Y.S.2d 451, 845 N.E.2d 1282; People v. Dawson, 269 A.D.2d 817, 818, 703 N.Y.S.2d 778, lv. denied 95 N.Y.2d 833, 713 N.Y.S.2d 140, 735 N.E.2d 420).
8 Contrary to defendant's remaining contentions concerning the suppression ruling, we conclude that police officers had reasonable suspicion to stop and detain defendant after an “identified citizen-informant” informed the officers that defendant, who was still in the vicinity, had just assaulted a girl and was in possession of a weapon (People v. Brown, 288 A.D.2d 152, 152, 733 N.Y.S.2d 182, lv. denied 97 N.Y.2d 727, 740 N.Y.S.2d 700, 767 N.E.2d 157; see People v. Whorley, 125 A.D.3d 1484, 1484, 3 N.Y.S.3d 554, lv. denied 25 N.Y.3d 1173, 15 N.Y.S.3d 305, 36 N.E.3d 108). Once detained, defendant abandoned a bag containing bullets, which was then seized by the officers. In as much as defendant's abandonment of the bag was not caused by any illegal police conduct, the court properly refused to suppress the evidence contained therein (see People v. Sierra, 83 N.Y.2d 928, 930, 615 N.Y.S.2d 310, 638 N.E.2d 955; People v. McKinley, 101 A.D.3d 1747, 1749, 957 N.Y.S.2d 790, lv. denied 21 N.Y.3d 1017, 971 N.Y.S.2d 500, 994 N.E.2d 396).
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed.