Opinion
485 KA 21-00992
07-08-2022
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Darren HIGHTOWER, Defendant-Appellant.
FRANK H. HISCOCK LEGAL AID SOCIETY, SYRACUSE (THOMAS M. LEITH OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. WILLIAM J. FITZPATRICK, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, SYRACUSE (KAITLYN M. GUPTILL OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
FRANK H. HISCOCK LEGAL AID SOCIETY, SYRACUSE (THOMAS M. LEITH OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
WILLIAM J. FITZPATRICK, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, SYRACUSE (KAITLYN M. GUPTILL OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
PRESENT: LINDLEY, J.P., NEMOYER, CURRAN, WINSLOW, AND BANNISTER, JJ.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed.
Memorandum: Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him upon a plea of guilty of criminal possession of a controlled substance in the third degree ( Penal Law § 220.16 [1] ). We affirm.
We reject defendant's contention that County Court erred in refusing to suppress evidence obtained pursuant to search warrants for defendant's apartment and his motor vehicle. "[A] search warrant may be issued only upon a showing of probable cause to believe that a crime has occurred, is occurring, or is about to occur ..., and where there is sufficient evidence from which to form a reasonable belief that evidence of the crime may be found inside the location sought to be searched" ( People v. McLaughlin , 193 A.D.3d 1338, 1339, 143 N.Y.S.3d 255 [4th Dept. 2021], lv denied 37 N.Y.3d 973, 150 N.Y.S.3d 697, 172 N.E.3d 810 [2021] [internal quotation marks omitted]; see People v. Bartholomew , 132 A.D.3d 1279, 1280, 17 N.Y.S.3d 222 [4th Dept. 2015] ). "Probable cause does not require proof sufficient to warrant a conviction beyond a reasonable doubt but[, rather, it] merely [requires] information sufficient to support a reasonable belief that an offense has been or is being committed or that evidence of a crime may be found in a certain place" ( People v. Bigelow , 66 N.Y.2d 417, 423, 497 N.Y.S.2d 630, 488 N.E.2d 451 [1985] ).
Here, the factual allegations contained in the affidavit attached to the warrant application from a detective with the Syracuse Police Department provided probable cause to believe that defendant was operating his drug business out of his apartment based on the detective's observations of defendant's involvement in two controlled buy operations with a confidential informant (see People v. Ferron , 248 A.D.2d 962, 962, 670 N.Y.S.2d 955 [4th Dept. 1998], lv denied 92 N.Y.2d 879, 678 N.Y.S.2d 26, 700 N.E.2d 564 [1998] ). The court properly determined that there was a reasonable belief, based on the controlled buy operations, that it was likely that further evidence of cocaine distribution could be found on defendant's person and at his residence (see People v. Harvey , 298 A.D.2d 527, 529, 748 N.Y.S.2d 785 [2d Dept. 2002] ; People v. Rodriguez , 270 A.D.2d 956, 957, 706 N.Y.S.2d 293 [4th Dept. 2000], lv denied 95 N.Y.2d 870, 715 N.Y.S.2d 225, 738 N.E.2d 373 [2000] ).
Further, having reviewed the transcript from the Darden hearing, we conclude that "the confidential informant's basis of knowledge was sufficiently established at the in camera Darden hearing" ( People v. Mitchum , 130 A.D.3d 1466, 1468, 12 N.Y.S.3d 749 [4th Dept. 2015] ) inasmuch as "the information from the informant, in its totality, ‘provided ample basis to conclude that the informant had a basis for his or her knowledge that defendant was in possession of’ " drugs ( People v. Knight , 94 A.D.3d 1527, 1529, 943 N.Y.S.2d 355 [4th Dept. 2012], lv denied 19 N.Y.3d 998, 951 N.Y.S.2d 474, 975 N.E.2d 920 [2012] ; see People v. Lowe , 50 A.D.3d 516, 516, 856 N.Y.S.2d 90 [1st Dept. 2008], affd 12 N.Y.3d 768, 879 N.Y.S.2d 25, 906 N.E.2d 1057 [2009] ). We further conclude that the testimony at the Darden hearing established that "the hearsay information supplied in the search warrant application satisfied the two prongs of the Aguilar -Spinelli test and that the search warrant was issued upon probable cause" ( Mitchum , 130 A.D.3d at 1468, 12 N.Y.S.3d 749 ).
With respect to the search warrant for defendant's vehicle, we reject defendant's contention that the amended search warrant application did not properly incorporate the affidavit supporting the original search warrant application. "[S]earch warrant applications should not be read in a hypertechnical manner as if they were entries in an essay contest" ( People v. Hanlon , 36 N.Y.2d 549, 559, 369 N.Y.S.2d 677, 330 N.E.2d 631 [1975] ; see People v. Coles , 275 A.D.2d 995, 995, 715 N.Y.S.2d 198 [4th Dept. 2000], lv denied 95 N.Y.2d 962, 722 N.Y.S.2d 479, 745 N.E.2d 399 [2000] ); rather, such applications "must be considered in the clear light of everyday experience and accorded all reasonable inferences" ( Hanlon , 36 N.Y.2d at 559, 369 N.Y.S.2d 677, 330 N.E.2d 631 ; see People v. Cahill , 2 N.Y.3d 14, 41, 777 N.Y.S.2d 332, 809 N.E.2d 561 [2003] ). Thus, properly read in conjunction, we conclude that the search warrant application and the amended search warrant application contained sufficient factual averments to support a reasonable belief that evidence of defendant's drug sales would be found in his vehicle (see generally Bigelow , 66 N.Y.2d at 423, 497 N.Y.S.2d 630, 488 N.E.2d 451 ). Even assuming, arguendo, that there was no probable cause to believe that evidence of a crime—i.e., cocaine distribution—would be found in the vehicle (cf. People v. Gordon , 36 N.Y.3d 420, 430, 142 N.Y.S.3d 440, 166 N.E.3d 514 [2021] ; see generally Bigelow , 66 N.Y.2d at 423, 497 N.Y.S.2d 630, 488 N.E.2d 451 ), we conclude that the particular circumstances of this case permit the rare application of the harmless error rule to defendant's guilty plea (see People v. Clanton , 151 A.D.3d 1576, 1579, 57 N.Y.S.3d 775 [4th Dept. 2017] ). Given that the court properly denied suppression of the large amount of cocaine and drug packaging materials recovered from defendant's apartment, which would be admissible at trial, "there is no reasonable possibility that the court's error in failing to suppress [the limited amount of physical evidence recovered from the vehicle] contributed to [defendant's] decision to plead guilty" ( id. ; see People v. Wells , 21 N.Y.3d 716, 719, 977 N.Y.S.2d 712, 999 N.E.2d 1157 [2013] ; cf. People v. Grant , 45 N.Y.2d 366, 379-380, 408 N.Y.S.2d 429, 380 N.E.2d 257 [1978] ).
Defendant's contention that the confidential informant's single photo identification of defendant was improper and tainted the entire warrant application is unpreserved for our review inasmuch as it was not raised in defendant's motion papers or at the suppression hearing (see generally CPL 470.05 [2] ; People v. Santos , 122 A.D.3d 1394, 1395, 996 N.Y.S.2d 858 [4th Dept. 2014] ), and we decline to exercise our power to review that contention as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice (see CPL 470.15 [3] [c] ).
Contrary to defendant's further contention, we conclude that the bargained-for sentence is not unduly harsh or severe. Finally, we note that the court misstated at sentencing that defendant was being sentenced as a second felony offender, rather than as a second felony drug offender (see Penal Law § 70.70 [1] [b] ; see generally People v. Manners , 196 A.D.3d 1125, 1127, 149 N.Y.S.3d 743 [4th Dept. 2021], lv denied 37 N.Y.3d 1028, 153 N.Y.S.3d 427, 175 N.E.3d 452 [2021] ). Consequently, the certificate of conviction must be amended to reflect that defendant was sentenced as a second felony drug offender (see Manners , 196 A.D.3d at 1127, 149 N.Y.S.3d 743 ).