Opinion
372 KA 21-00364
07-01-2022
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Joseph HENRY, Defendant-Appellant.
FRANK H. HISCOCK LEGAL AID SOCIETY, SYRACUSE (PIOTR BANASIAK OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. WILLIAM J. FITZPATRICK, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, SYRACUSE (KENNETH H. TYLER, JR., OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
FRANK H. HISCOCK LEGAL AID SOCIETY, SYRACUSE (PIOTR BANASIAK OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
WILLIAM J. FITZPATRICK, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, SYRACUSE (KENNETH H. TYLER, JR., OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.
PRESENT: PERADOTTO, J.P., LINDLEY, CURRAN, WINSLOW, AND BANNISTER, JJ.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed.
Memorandum: Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him upon his plea of guilty of criminal possession of a controlled substance in the third degree ( Penal Law § 220.16 [12] ) and resisting arrest (§ 205.30). We affirm.
Initially, as defendant contends and the People correctly concede, defendant's purported waiver of the right to appeal is invalid. During the plea colloquy, County Court " ‘conflated the right to appeal with those rights automatically forfeited by the guilty plea’ " ( People v. Chambers , 176 A.D.3d 1600, 1600, 111 N.Y.S.3d 149 [4th Dept. 2019], lv denied 34 N.Y.3d 1076, 116 N.Y.S.3d 180, 139 N.E.3d 838 [2019] ; see People v. Mothersell , 167 A.D.3d 1580, 1581, 90 N.Y.S.3d 466 [4th Dept. 2018] ) and, therefore, the record does not establish that "defendant understood that the right to appeal is separate and distinct from those rights automatically forfeited upon a plea of guilty" ( People v. Lopez , 6 N.Y.3d 248, 256, 811 N.Y.S.2d 623, 844 N.E.2d 1145 [2006] ). In addition, the court's explanation that the waiver would foreclose any review by a higher court "utterly ‘mischaracterized the nature of the right [that] defendant was being asked to cede’ " ( People v. Thomas , 34 N.Y.3d 545, 565, 122 N.Y.S.3d 226, 144 N.E.3d 970 [2019], cert denied ––– U.S. ––––, 140 S. Ct. 2634, 206 L.Ed.2d 512 [2020] ; see People v. Youngs , 183 A.D.3d 1228, 1229, 121 N.Y.S.3d 701 [4th Dept. 2020], lv denied 35 N.Y.3d 1050, 127 N.Y.S.3d 826, 151 N.E.3d 507 [2020] ).
We reject defendant's contention that the court erred in refusing to suppress evidence recovered by the police officers. As defendant correctly concedes, the officers’ initial approach was justified by their observation that defendant was committing a parking violation by blocking pedestrian use of the sidewalk with his car (see People v. Valerio , 274 A.D.2d 950, 951, 710 N.Y.S.2d 497 [4th Dept. 2000], affd 95 N.Y.2d 924, 721 N.Y.S.2d 601, 744 N.E.2d 136 [2000], cert denied 532 U.S. 981, 121 S.Ct. 1623, 149 L.Ed.2d 485 [2001] ; People v. Amos , 140 A.D.3d 1683, 1684, 31 N.Y.S.3d 729 [4th Dept. 2016], lv denied 28 N.Y.3d 925, 40 N.Y.S.3d 354, 63 N.E.3d 74 [2016] ), which constituted "an articulable, credible reason ..., not necessarily indicative of criminality," entitling the officers to approach defendant and request information ( People v. Witt , 129 A.D.3d 1449, 1450, 11 N.Y.S.3d 767 [4th Dept. 2015], lv denied 26 N.Y.3d 937, 17 N.Y.S.3d 100, 38 N.E.3d 846 [2015] ; see People v. Ocasio , 85 N.Y.2d 982, 985, 629 N.Y.S.2d 161, 652 N.E.2d 907 [1995] ). During the ensuing inquiry, the officers determined that defendant was not lawfully present on the property on which his vehicle was partially parked, which gave them probable cause to place him under arrest for trespass (see People v. Davis , 199 A.D.3d 1331, 1332, 158 N.Y.S.3d 436 [4th Dept. 2021], lv denied 38 N.Y.3d 926, 164 N.Y.S.3d 19, 184 N.E.3d 840 [2022] ; People v. Caba , 78 A.D.3d 857, 858, 910 N.Y.S.2d 373 [2d Dept. 2010], lv denied 20 N.Y.3d 1096, 965 N.Y.S.2d 792, 988 N.E.2d 530 [2013]; see generally CPL 1.20 [39] ; 140.10 [2]; Penal Law § 140.05 ). Because the officers’ arrest of defendant was justified, defendant's subsequent deliberate abandonment of contraband while forcibly resisting the arrest "was not precipitated by any illegal police conduct, and the court properly refused to suppress [that] evidence" ( Davis , 199 A.D.3d at 1332, 158 N.Y.S.3d 436 [internal quotation marks omitted]; see People v. Martinez , 80 N.Y.2d 444, 448-449, 591 N.Y.S.2d 823, 606 N.E.2d 951 [1992] ).
Defendant's contentions that he was unlawfully seized at the start of the police encounter because the officers blocked him in a driveway without establishing reasonable suspicion that he had committed a crime and that he was unlawfully seized when one of the officers took his identification to perform a warrant check are unpreserved for our review "[b]ecause defendant failed to raise th[ose] specific contention[s] at the suppression hearing" ( People v. Simpson , 173 A.D.3d 1617, 1619, 102 N.Y.S.3d 357 [4th Dept. 2019], lv denied 34 N.Y.3d 954, 110 N.Y.S.3d 631, 134 N.E.3d 630 [2019] ; see generally People v. Turriago , 90 N.Y.2d 77, 84, 659 N.Y.S.2d 183, 681 N.E.2d 350 [1997], rearg denied 90 N.Y.2d 936, 664 N.Y.S.2d 274, 686 N.E.2d 1369 [1997] ). We decline to exercise our power to review those contentions as a matter of discretion in the interest of justice (see generally CPL 470.15 [3] [c] ).
Defendant further contends that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because defense counsel failed at the suppression hearing to cross-examine the testifying officers regarding statements they made in the police reports purportedly establishing that the police encounter was unlawful from its inception inasmuch as the officers blocked defendant's vehicle with their patrol vehicle before they had reasonable suspicion that defendant had committed a crime (see generally People v. Jennings , 45 N.Y.2d 998, 999, 413 N.Y.S.2d 117, 385 N.E.2d 1045 [1978] ; People v. Suttles , 171 A.D.3d 1454, 1455, 98 N.Y.S.3d 682 [4th Dept. 2019] ; People v. Layou , 71 A.D.3d 1382, 1383, 897 N.Y.S.2d 325 [4th Dept. 2010] ). Although defendant's contention survives his guilty plea (see generally People v. Ware , 159 A.D.3d 1401, 1402, 72 N.Y.S.3d 676 [4th Dept. 2018], lv denied 31 N.Y.3d 1122, 81 N.Y.S.3d 382, 106 N.E.3d 765 [2018] ), it is without merit. "[E]ven a single error or failure to make an argument may amount to ineffective assistance of counsel, despite otherwise competent representation, where that error is sufficiently egregious or prejudicial" ( People v. Allen , 184 A.D.3d 1076, 1079, 125 N.Y.S.3d 783 [4th Dept. 2020] ; see generally People v. McGee , 20 N.Y.3d 513, 518, 964 N.Y.S.2d 73, 986 N.E.2d 907 [2013] ; People v. Turner , 5 N.Y.3d 476, 480, 806 N.Y.S.2d 154, 840 N.E.2d 123 [2005] ). "To rise to that level, the omission must typically involve an issue that is so clear-cut and dispositive that no reasonable defense counsel would have failed to assert it, and it must be evident that the decision to forgo the contention could not have been grounded in a legitimate trial strategy" ( McGee , 20 N.Y.3d at 518, 964 N.Y.S.2d 73, 986 N.E.2d 907 ; see generally People v. Caban , 5 N.Y.3d 143, 152, 800 N.Y.S.2d 70, 833 N.E.2d 213 [2005] ). However, defense counsel's efforts should not be second-guessed with the clarity of hindsight simply to determine how the defense might have been more effective (see People v. Murray , 194 A.D.3d 1360, 1362, 146 N.Y.S.3d 707 [4th Dept. 2021] ).
Here, we conclude that defendant's contention is based on mere "[s]peculation that a more vigorous cross-examination might have" undermined the credibility of the police officers ( People v. Parson , 122 A.D.3d 1441, 1443, 997 N.Y.S.2d 198 [4th Dept. 2014], affd 27 N.Y.3d 1107, 36 N.Y.S.3d 85, 55 N.E.3d 1058 [2016] [internal quotation marks omitted]; see People v. Williams , 110 A.D.3d 1458, 1459-1460, 973 N.Y.S.2d 506 [4th Dept. 2013], lv denied 22 N.Y.3d 1160, 984 N.Y.S.2d 644, 7 N.E.3d 1132 [2014]). The statements in the police reports do not present a clear-cut inconsistency with the officers’ hearing testimony, and therefore any error failing to cross-examine the officers on the subject is not so egregious or prejudicial that defendant was deprived of meaningful representation (see McGee , 20 N.Y.3d at 518, 964 N.Y.S.2d 73, 986 N.E.2d 907 ; People v. Lovette , 188 A.D.3d 1726, 1727-1728, 136 N.Y.S.3d 630 [4th Dept. 2020], lv denied 36 N.Y.3d 1051, 140 N.Y.S.3d 889, 164 N.E.3d 976 [2021] ). In addition, defendant failed to demonstrate that there was no strategic or other legitimate explanation for defense counsel's failure to cross-examine the officers on the purported inconsistency between their testimony and the police reports (see Lovette , 188 A.D.3d at 1728, 136 N.Y.S.3d 630 ; see generally People v. Rivera , 71 N.Y.2d 705, 709, 530 N.Y.S.2d 52, 525 N.E.2d 698 [1988] ; People v. Foster , 101 A.D.3d 1668, 1669-1670, 956 N.Y.S.2d 753 [4th Dept. 2012], lv denied 20 N.Y.3d 1098, 965 N.Y.S.2d 794, 988 N.E.2d 532 [2013] ).
Finally, the sentence is not unduly harsh or severe.