Opinion
Docket No. 54607.
Decided July 6, 1983.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, David H. Sawyer, Prosecuting Attorney, and Carol S. Irons, Chief Appellate Attorney, for the people.
George S. Buth, for defendants.
Both defendants were charged with four counts of armed robbery, MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797, two counts of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520b(1)(c); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(c), and one count of felony-firearm, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2). Following a jury trial both defendants were found guilty as charged under all counts and appeal here as of right.
These prosecutions arose from the armed robbery of four women and the rape of two of them on the night of December 29, 1977. The assailants wore ski masks and were armed with a knife and a gun. They spent approximately six hours in the women's home before tying them up and leaving.
The Kent County Sheriff's Department conducted a lineup on January 29, 1979, which contained defendant Hayes, and a lineup on April 2, 1979, which contained defendant Vaught. Defendants and other lineup participants were asked to repeat statements supplied by the complainants, statements allegedly spoken by the perpetrators on the night of December 29, 1977. Defendants' first claim of error is that the identification evidence produced from these lineups should have been excluded from trial, as the lineups were impermissibly suggestive and conducive to irreparable misidentification such that defendants were denied due process of law. Stovall v Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 301-302; 87 S Ct 1967; 18 L Ed 2d 1199 (1967); People v Anderson, 389 Mich. 155, 169; 205 N.W.2d 461 (1973); People v Prast (On Rehearing), 114 Mich. App. 469, 485-486; 319 N.W.2d 627 (1982).
The prosecution contends that this issue has not been preserved for appeal because defendants did not object to the identification evidence when it was offered. We note, however, the following exchange at trial:
"A. [Complainant Mary Rus]: Yeah, I was called to — I was subpoenaed on and off a lot, and I was called to three line-ups.
"Q. [Prosecutor]: Before — "Mr. Rominger [Hayes's attorney] (interposing): Excuse me, your Honor. At this time I would like to register for the record the objection that has been filed pursuant to motion and argued by this court at this time. Thank you, your Honor.
"The Court: The record may so reflect."
The lower court record contains no transcript of the motion nor is there any indication as to its disposition. The trial court did consider the issue on defendants' application for a mistrial, and we will treat it as preserved for appeal.
A pre-eminent Michigan case in the law of voice identification is People v Bozzi, 36 Mich. App. 15; 193 N.W.2d 373 (1971), lv den 386 Mich. 775 (1971). There, this Court noted the language of State v Karas, 43 Utah 506; 136 P. 788 (1913):
"`Undoubtedly voice is a competent means of identification, and one by such means alone may be sufficiently identified. In some instances identification by such means may be as ponderous as identification by sight. But the testimony should be reasonably positive and certain, and based upon some peculiarity of the person's voice, or upon sufficient previous knowledge by the witness of the person's voice.'" 36 Mich. App. 19.
After considering several other cases from outside the State of Michigan, the Bozzi Court concluded that certainty must be shown to exist in the mind of the identifying witness by testimony that is positive and unequivocal. Further, some reason must appear to which the witness can attribute the ability to make the voice identification, of which familiarity and peculiarity are the most common, though not exclusive, examples. People v Bozzi, supra, p 22.
In the case at bar, complainant Sue Venema was positive of her identification of defendant Vaught. Venema testified that Vaught's voice was "within the average range, but low". Venema stated that defendant Hayes's voice was lower and raspy. Complainant Mary Rus testified that Hayes's voice was "real raspy". "It was like sandpaper." Rus also identified Vaught by certain facial characteristics. It should be noted that during the criminal episode she had seen him without his mask. Complainant Carmen Assink was positive of her identification of defendant Hayes. She indicated that Hayes has an unusually low, rather nasal voice. According to Assink, she had a lengthy conversation with this man after he sexually assaulted her. Hayes was not wearing his ski mask at this time, giving Assink an opportunity to view his general facial features. Significantly, the series of criminal events occurred over a six-hour period.
We find that the testimony of these complainants more than adequately meets the test of People v Bozzi, supra. Both defendants were identified by "positive and unequivocal" testimony from two complainants: Hayes by Rus and Assink, Vaught by Rus and Venema. Assink had an opportunity to become familiar with Hayes's voice. Compare Roper v Beto, 454 F.2d 499 (CA 5, 1972), where the complainant listened to the defendant talk to her for about 35 minutes following the sexual assault, and State v Johnson, 138 N.J. Super. 579; 351 A.2d 787 (1976), where the defendant maintained a running conversation with the complainant before, during, and after her rape. Both defendants here were identified in part by distinctive vocal peculiarities. Defendants now complain, however, that these very peculiarities gave rise to a suggestive lineup. They would have this Court require that police officers screen lineup participants for a voice similarity; i.e., lineup participants accompanying a suspect like Hayes must have raspy, rather nasal voices.
We find that, aside from the potential insurmountable burden it would place on the lineup procedure, such a requirement is not mandated by concerns for due process of law. We have previously noted that physical differences between the suspect and other lineup participants do not, in and of themselves, constitute impermissible suggestiveness. People v Barnes, 107 Mich. App. 386; 310 N.W.2d 5 (1981); People v Richmond, 84 Mich. App. 178, 181; 269 N.W.2d 521 (1978). We believe that the chance of "irreparable misidentification" is slight where witness testimony meets the requirements of People v Bozzi, supra. Accordingly, we find no error in admission of the identification testimony in this case.
A second issue was raised in defendants' motion for a new trial. It came to light that the thirteenth juror, after the jury had commenced deliberations, had lunched with five other jurors after having been excused from consideration of the case. An evidentiary hearing was held pursuant to this motion, Judge R. Stuart Hoffius presiding, at which the trial judge and several jurors gave testimony. The facts surrounding the alleged impropriety, as gleaned from the testimony, were ably summarized by Judge Hoffius in rendering his decision on the record:
"The testimony that I have heard here indicates that because the jury had been sitting together for two weeks, that they had become friendly with each other; and that the jury case went to the jury at approximately 10:15 or 10:30 in the morning of May 1, 1980. The facts further reflected that the fourteenth juror had been excused for a reason not related or important here prior to the termination of the case, and that thirteen jurors sat throughout the case.
"Mr. Lautenschleger, one of the jurors, was excused at that time. After he was excused, he was in the judicial corridor here at the Hall of Justice and visited with the Prosecuting Attorney, both defense counsel, Mr. Rominger and Mr. Mirque, and with Officer David Benison. He was furnished information of other facts that the police knew at the time and the prosecutor's office knew at the time. And he says he believes he saw some newspaper clippings at the time.
"In any event, when the jury was about to recess for the noon lunch period, he was standing in the corridor and talked to Judge Cook or in Judge Cook's secretary's office, and asked if he might go to lunch with the jury. It is the testimony of Judge Cook that Mr. Rominger was present and Officer Benison was present, but that Mr. Mirque was not present. He was not sure whether his clerk was there. It is his claim that he permitted Mr. Lautenschleger to go to lunch but advised him very carefully that he was not to communicate in any way with the jury about any facts of the case.
"As a result, Mr. Lautenschleger went to lunch at Churchill's restaurant, which is approximately a block and a half from the Hall of Justice, and had lunch there with five other jurors. The testimony further has shown — and, I have heard the testimony of three of those jurors, namely, Tamara Reerig, Joseph Olejniczak, and Rena Korsky. The two other jurors were not available at the time because of a communication problem. And they had called the number that has the recording as to when persons are to appear, and they gathered from the recording that they were not to appear at that time. But both have been interviewed by telephone. Teddi Janks was interviewed, I believe, by Mr. Mirque. And that has been summarized here on the record. And Mr. Eric Zernis, the other juror who had lunch with Mr. Lautenschleger, was also contacted by Mr. Hoekstra. And a summary of his conversation has been put on the record.
"It is very clear from the statements made and the testimony taken that absolutely nothing was said about the case during the lunch hour. Mr. Lautenschleger walked to the restaurant with these five jurors who were still sitting on the case. They talked, apparently, about 90 percent of the time, according to one of them, about two of the jurors' experiences as immigrants from Latvia. And no communication of any kind either by gesture, wink, eye, or any other manner, was made relative to the case."
Noting that Michigan case law required an affirmative showing of prejudice to defendants, and finding that no such prejudice had been shown, Judge Hoffius denied defendants' motion.
Rulings on a motion for a new trial are entrusted to the discretion of the trial court. People v Kaigler, 81 Mich. App. 340, 346; 265 N.W.2d 324 (1978). It is well established that reversible error will not be presumed merely because a juror is exposed to prejudicial remarks made by a stranger or a bypasser. In People v Nick, 360 Mich. 219; 103 N.W.2d 435 (1960), the defendant moved for a mistrial on the ground that the jury had been allowed to separate, presenting opportunities for contact with non-jurors, and that two jurors were present in the corridor during recess when an unidentified woman made a remark concerning the guilt of the defendant. The Nick Court stated:
"Prejudice must be shown, or facts clearly establishing the inference that it occurred from what was said or done. A mere possibility is not sufficient." 360 Mich. 227.
Similarly, the Court in People v Schram, 378 Mich. 145; 142 N.W.2d 662 (1966), refused to overturn the defendant's conviction where two jurors had engaged in a brief conversation with a prosecutor prior to deliberations and careful investigation by the judge revealed that this conversation had no relevance to the proofs. See also People v Hoag, 113 Mich. App. 789, 799-800; 318 N.W.2d 579 (1982); People v Dean, 103 Mich. App. 1, 3-5; 302 N.W.2d 317 (1981).
Here the trial court found no evidence that the thirteenth juror, Lautenschleger, and the jurors discussed the case over lunch. We decline defendants' invitation to ignore the rule articulated in People v Nick, supra. Coincidentally, however, we are compelled to issue a note of caution to trial judges who may find themselves in similar situations: to permit contact between jurors and nonjurors prior to or during deliberations is to court disaster.
Finally, defendants assert that their absence from post-trial proceedings on the alleged juror misconduct caused reversible error. A hearing on the issue of undue influence of a juror is a critical stage of the trial at which defendant has a right to be present. People v Medcoff, 344 Mich. 108, 117; 73 N.W.2d 537 (1955). The Medcoff Court had held that, where this right is denied, injury is presumed and a defendant is not required to show that he was prejudiced by being excluded from the hearing. This is no longer the law.
The United States Supreme Court has recognized that even the violations of constitutional rights can amount to harmless error in the circumstances of a particular case. See Chapman v California, 386 U.S. 18; 87 S Ct 824; 17 L Ed 2d 705 (1967). In cases involving a defendant's absence from a part of a trial, that Court has indicated that automatic reversal is not the rule. See Illinois v Allen, 397 U.S. 337; 90 S Ct 1057; 25 L Ed 2d 353 (1970).
In the wake of these decisions, the Michigan Supreme Court abandoned the rule of People v Medcoff:
"In its place we adopt the following language from Wade v United States, 142 US App DC 356, 360; 441 F.2d 1046, 1050 (1971), as the proper test for determining whether a defendant's absence from a part of a trial requires reversal of his or her conviction:
"`It is possible that defendant's absence made no difference in the result reached. The standard by which to determine whether reversible error occurred [is] * * * whether there is "any reasonable possibility of prejudice".'" People v Morgan, 400 Mich. 527, 536; 255 N.W.2d 603 (1977), cert den 434 U.S. 967; 98 S Ct 511; 54 L Ed 2d 454 (1977).
In this case, Judge Hoffius conducted a thorough inquiry into the allegations of juror misconduct and found that "absolutely nothing was said about the case during the lunch hour". There is no indication that either defendant had any knowledge of the incident beyond that possessed by their attorneys. We find no reasonable possibility that defendants were prejudiced by their absence from this hearing. Because of our disposition of this question, we need not reach the issue of whether defendants' presence was effectively waived by their attorneys. See, e.g., People v Hurd, 102 Mich. App. 424, 428; 301 N.W.2d 881 (1980).
Affirmed.