Summary
In People v Harrison, 71 Mich. App. 226; 247 N.W.2d 360 (1976), another panel of this Court followed People v Lovett, supra, by applying People v Ora Jones, supra, retroactively.
Summary of this case from People v. JonesOpinion
Docket No. 26214.
Decided September 8, 1976. Leave to appeal applied for.
Appeal from Oakland, Arthur E. Moore, J. Submitted June 9, 1976, at Lansing. (Docket No. 26214.) Decided September 8, 1976. Leave to appeal applied for.
William G. Harrison was convicted of delivery of a controlled substance. Defendant appeals. Reversed.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, L. Brooks Patterson, Prosecuting Attorney, Robert C. Williams, Chief Appellate Counsel and James L. McCarthy, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Howard S. Siegrist, for defendant.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of delivery of a controlled substance, MCLA 335.341; MSA 18.1070(41), and sentenced to 2 to 20 years imprisonment.
Defendant's conviction must be reversed because the trial judge refused to instruct on the lesser included offenses of attempted delivery and of possession despite defense counsel's request. People v Lovett, 396 Mich. 101; 238 N.W.2d 44 (1976), People v Ora Jones, 395 Mich. 379; 236 N.W.2d 461 (1975). The key issue is whether Ora Jones is retroactive. On the basis of People v Lovett, supra, we conclude that it is.
In Lovett the Supreme Court reversed a conviction because the trial judge failed to instruct on the lesser included offense of attempted armed robbery despite defense counsel's request. The Court reversed on the basis of Ora Jones and People v Henry, 395 Mich. 367; 236 N.W.2d 489 (1975). Lovett did not discuss retroactivity; however, it applies Ora Jones retroactively, since Lovett's trial took place before the Jones decision. Lovett was on appeal to the Supreme Court at the time of Jones. The instant case (claim of appeal filed, August 27, 1975) was on appeal to our Court at the time of Jones. We conclude that any discrepancy that might exist between Lovett, supra, and People v Thomas, 68 Mich. App. 302; 242 N.W.2d 564 (1976), would not have occurred had the Thomas panel been aware of the Supreme Court's application of Ora Jones, supra, in Lovett, supra.
Defendant's two other claims of error are without merit. Under the Controlled Substances Act of 1971, there is no procuring agent defense. People v Collins, 63 Mich. App. 376; 234 N.W.2d 531 (1975), People v Williams, 54 Mich. App. 448; 221 N.W.2d 204 (1974). As regards the alleged res gestae witness, there was neither a motion at trial to endorse the witness, although defendant knew the witness and the witness's connection to the transaction, nor a motion for new trial on the ground of nonendorsement or nonproduction.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial.
D.T. ANDERSON, J., concurred.
I am in concurrence, but would comment on the Michigan Supreme Court's retroactive application of People v Ora Jones, 395 Mich. 379; 236 N.W.2d 461 (1975). In People v Lovett, 396 Mich. 101, 102; 238 N.W.2d 44 (1976), the Court stated:
"In Jones, supra, we said: `If the lesser offense is one that is necessarily included within the greater, the evidence will always support the lesser if it supports the greater.' 395 Mich. 390. Attempted armed robbery is `necessarily included' within the offense of armed robbery. People v Bradovich, 305 Mich. 329, 332; 9 N.W.2d 560 (1943). The jury may have found the defendant guilty of the attempt although the evidence showed a completed offense. MCLA 768.32; MSA 28.1055; People v Baxter, 245 Mich. 229, 232; 222 N.W. 149 (1928)."
It is one thing to recognize that a criminal defendant may be found guilty of attempt although the evidence disclosed a completed offense. It is quite another to assume that Bradovich, Baxter, and MCLA 768.32; MSA 28.1055, lead to the logical conclusion that upon request, a trial judge must instruct on the included offense of attempt, even though the evidence discloses a completed offense. The fact of the matter is that such a conclusion has not been the law in Michigan for some time.
A historical review reveals that the predecessor to MCLA 768.32; MSA 28.1055, was construed in People v Allie, 216 Mich. 133, 135-136; 184 N.W. 423 (1921). The Court concluded that the statute gives a criminal defendant the right to have the jury instructed on any of the included offenses.
1915 CL 15616.
In People v Jones, 273 Mich. 430, 432; 263 N.W. 417 (1935), the Supreme Court recognized that a trial judge did not have a duty to instruct on included offenses absent a request to charge. However, it was error for the trial judge to affirmatively exclude the jury from considering lesser included offenses. The Court reasoned that MCLA 768.32; MSA 28.1055, authorized the jury to find the defendant guilty of lesser offenses.
1929 CL 17325.
The Supreme Court had occasion in People v Netzel, 295 Mich. 353, 357-360; 294 N.W. 708 (1940), cert den 313 U.S. 592; 61 S Ct 1116; 85 L Ed 1546 (1941), to explain People v Jones, supra, as well as to implicitly modify the interpretation of MCLA 768.32; MSA 28.1055, in People v Allie, supra. The Netzel Court cited Sparf Hansen v United States, 156 U.S. 51, 103; 15 S Ct 273; 39 L Ed 343 (1895), for the proposition that if the evidence cannot support a lesser offense, a trial judge can instruct the jury in a criminal case that the defendant cannot be convicted of a crime lesser than that charged, or the trial judge can refuse to instruct on lesser included offenses. For an excellent detailed discussion of the above, see Judge V.J. BRENNAN's opinion in People v Membres, 34 Mich. App. 224; 191 N.W.2d 66 (1971), lv den 386 Mich. 790 (1972).
At least since Netzel Michigan has not required trial judges to instruct on requested lesser included offenses unsupported by the evidence. See generally the application of the same rule with respect to felony murder in my concurring opinion of People v Thompson, 69 Mich. App. 465; 245 N.W.2d 93 (1976). Case law in this state has consistently recognized that there is no duty to give a requested instruction on attempted robbery where the undisputed evidence shows a completed offense, People v Tyrone Williams, 38 Mich. App. 146, 149; 195 N.W.2d 771 (1972), or where the lesser charge is unsupported by the evidence. People v Giddens, 18 Mich. App. 588, 589; 171 N.W.2d 596 (1969), lv den, 383 Mich. 760 (1970).
In light of the above review of the case law, it is very difficult to follow the Supreme Court's logic in applying People v Ora Jones, supra, retroactively. Today's trial judge is faced with an exceedingly difficult task in attempting to keep abreast of the voluminous amount of opinions issued by the appellate courts of this state daily. See People v Arthur McDaniels, Jr, 70 Mich. App. 469; 245 N.W.2d 793 (1976) (KELLY, J., dissenting). We should not expect our trial judges to be prescient with regard to the state of the law.