Opinion
Docket No. 63590.
Decided April 16, 1984.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, Randy H. Smith, Prosecuting Attorney, and Michael A. Nickerson, Assistant Attorney General, for the people. Gemuend Gemuend (by Daniel K. Templin), for defendant on appeal.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520b(1)(e); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(e), the theory of the prosecution being that defendant committed an act of sexual penetration while armed with a weapon. Defendant was sentenced to a prison term of 10 to 15 years. Defendant appealed as of right. Thereafter defendant moved in this Court to remand to the trial court for purposes of permitting a motion for a new trial. The matter was remanded. On September 27, 1982, the trial court heard oral arguments, resulting in its denial of a new trial.
Defendant's conviction arose out of an alleged forcible rape of Leonard Davidson while both defendant and Davidson were incarcerated at the Ionia Reformatory during the Memorial Day riots of 1981. Additional facts, where pertinent, will be included in a discussion of the issues.
Defendant first claims the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury as to felonious assault. Where defense counsel requests instructions on a "cognate" lesser included offense, refusal to give the requested instruction is error if evidence has been presented which would support conviction of the lesser offense. People v Ora Jones, 395 Mich. 379; 236 N.W.2d 461 (1975).
"Cognate" lesser included offenses share overlapping elements with the greater offense and such overlapping elements relate to a common statutory purpose. But the greater and the lesser may each include one or more elements not shared with the other. Ora Jones, supra, pp 387-390.
The issue then becomes whether felonious assault is a cognate lesser included offense of first-degree criminal sexual conduct under MCL 750.520b(1)(e). The elements of felonious assault are: (1) an assault, and (2) the use of a dangerous weapon in making the assault. People v Stubbs, 110 Mich. App. 287; 312 N.W.2d 232 (1981). The elements of first-degree criminal sexual conduct under subsection 750.520b(1)(e) are that defendant engaged in sexual penetration and that he was armed with a weapon. People v Clement Anderson, 111 Mich. App. 671; 314 N.W.2d 723 (1981). Having examined the elements, we find said offenses are not "cognate". The lesser does not have overlapping elements with the greater. Using a weapon to assist in making an assault is different from engaging in sexual penetration while armed. Additionally, we find that the two offenses do not serve a common statutory purpose but serve to remedy two distinct problems. See People v Payne, 90 Mich. App. 713; 282 N.W.2d 456 (1979). We find the trial court's refusal to consider felonious assault as a cognate lesser included offense and instruct accordingly was not error mandating reversal.
Next defendant claims he was denied a fair trial by the trial court's denial of a pretrial motion for change of venue. We disagree. During voir dire, each juror stated that he or she had heard nothing of this particular case, although most jurors had read of the prison riots. Without exception, each juror stated that he or she could render a fair verdict based solely on the evidence presented in court. We find nothing in the record to indicate bitter prejudice or strong community feeling against defendant. People v Prast (On Reh), 114 Mich. App. 469; 319 N.W.2d 627 (1982).
Third, defendant claims he was denied his right to a prompt preliminary examination. This claim is without merit. People v Weston, 413 Mich. 371; 319 N.W.2d 537 (1982), which requires discharge of a defendant not brought for preliminary examination within 12 days of arraignment, is prospective only and inapplicable herein. Moreover, defendant has shown no prejudice by the delay. People v Haines, 105 Mich. App. 213; 306 N.W.2d 455 (1981).
Fourth, defendant claims he was prejudiced by the prosecution's refusal to supply a police report prior to or during trial. This case does not involve the kind of persistent obstruction and uncooperativeness condemned by the Court in In re Bay Prosecutor, 109 Mich. App. 476; 311 N.W.2d 399 (1981). The record shows only one attempt by defense counsel to obtain a copy of the report, that request being made prior to the preliminary examination. There is no showing that counsel made another attempt to secure a copy of the report until after trial. Further, trial counsel made no effort to obtain court assistance in obtaining the report, nor was this matter addressed to the trial court on remand. We find no error mandating reversal.
Fifth, defendant claims he was denied his right to be present at all critical stages of the proceeding by the two- minute in-chambers conference between counsel and the trial judge. This claim is without merit. See People v Pulley, 411 Mich. 523; 309 N.W.2d 170 (1981). Nothing in the record reflects that any evidence was received outside defendant's presence nor has defendant shown or demonstrated any prejudice.
Defendant's sixth argument is that he was denied a fair trial by the allowance of certain questions by the prosecution of a witness and the prosecution's argument relating thereto. This claim is without merit. Defense counsel did not object to the questions or arguments or request a curative instruction. Reversal is not required, since a cautionary instruction could have cured any prejudice. People v Hall, 396 Mich. 650; 242 N.W.2d 377 (1976).
Defendant's seventh claim is that the trial court applied an incorrect standard to defendant's motion for a directed verdict. We disagree. We find the trial court correctly applied the standard set forth in People v Hampton, 407 Mich. 354; 285 N.W.2d 284 (1979), and properly denied said motion. People v Iaconnelli, 112 Mich. App. 725; 317 N.W.2d 540 (1982); People v Anglin, 111 Mich. App. 268, 284-285; 314 N.W.2d 581 (1981). Moreover, we find no abuse of discretion in denying defendant's motion for new trial on the basis that the verdict was against the great weight of the evidence. Drouillard v Metropolitan Life Ins Co, 107 Mich. App. 608, 623; 310 N.W.2d 15 (1981). See People v Norwood, 70 Mich. App. 53, 57; 245 N.W.2d 170 (1976); People v Carson, 87 Mich. App. 163; 274 N.W.2d 3 (1978).
Eighth, defendant claims that the trial court abused its discretion in permitting defendant to be impeached by evidence of a 1976 conviction for armed robbery. We find that the trial court clearly recognized its discretion, People v Castillo, 82 Mich. App. 476; 266 N.W.2d 460 (1978), and considered the nature of the conviction and the effect it could have on defendant's credibility. See People v Crawford, 83 Mich. App. 35; 268 N.W.2d 275 (1978). While the trial court did not discuss the third factor set forth in Crawford, defendant suffered no prejudice since he did testify.
Ninth, defendant claims the trial court erred in not permitting the testimony of a character witness because of an inadequate foundation. The record reveals that said witness never spoke to anyone about defendant. The trial court's ruling was correct. See People v Schultz, 316 Mich. 106, 109; 25 N.W.2d 128 (1946).
Tenth, defendant claims that the prosecution made an improper civic duty argument. Since defense counsel failed to object to said remarks, the issue is waived. People v Eaton, 114 Mich. App. 330, 335; 319 N.W.2d 344 (1982). Moreover, these remarks were not so inflammatory that an objection and curative instruction could not have prevented any prejudice to defendant. People v Lasenby, 107 Mich. App. 462; 309 N.W.2d 572 (1981).
Eleventh, defendant claims that the trial court abused its discretion in denying the jury's request to "rehear the tapes" of defendant's testimony. We find no abuse of discretion, as the "tapes" were not an official part of the record but rather were being made only for the purpose of being a back-up for the court reporter. People v Cyr, 113 Mich. App. 213; 317 N.W.2d 857 (1982).
Finally, defendant contends that he was denied effective assistance of counsel. Having examined defendant's allegations, we find them to be without merit. Our review of the record reveals that the performance of trial counsel met the standard enunciated in People v Garcia, 398 Mich. 250; 247 N.W.2d 547 (1976). Moreover, matters of trial strategy will not support allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel. People v Peery, 119 Mich. App. 207; 326 N.W.2d 451 (1982).
Affirmed.