Opinion
No. 28400
Decided December 26, 1978.
Interlocutory appeal by the People to challenge an order of the district court suppressing certain evidence as being seized in violation of defendant's Fourth Amendment rights.
Reversed
1. SEARCHES AND SEIZURES — Warrantless — Presumptively Illegal — Constitutions. Warrantless searches and seizures are presumptively illegal under the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article II, section 7 of the Colorado Constitution.
2. Plain View Doctrine — Exception to Warrant — Requirement. An exception to the warrant requirement is the plain view doctrine which provides that no warrant is needed to seize evidence in plain view which police or similar public officials see while conducting a legitimate investigation of criminal activity.
3. Plain View — Expectation of Privacy — Negative. Under the Fourth Amendment, there can be no expectation of privacy in items that are in plain view.
4. Plain View — Never Enough — Three Further Requirements. Plain view alone is never enough to justify the warrantless seizure of evidence; three further requirements must be satisfied: first, the police must be in a place where they are legitimately entitled to be (the initial intrusion must be valid); second, police cannot use the plain view doctrine as a pretext for a warrantless seizure of evidence they expect to uncover in their search; and finally, the officer seizing the evidence must have "good reason to believe" that the exposed item is incriminating evidence, although it need not be "illegal per se."
5. Cartridges — Seizure — Plain View — Console — Justification. Where police officer was on a public street carrying out a legitimate police investigation, and where, as he glanced into car, he noticed a box of .22 caliber cartridges in plain view on front seat console of car, and where — as a result of having already been alerted that a robbery had been committed and also having "good reason to believe" that the cartridges might match the gun used in the robbery — he secured the area around the car and removed the cartridges from the said console, held, under these circumstances, the plain view doctrine attached at the moment the officer discovered the cartridges, the actual physical seizure being no more than a continuation of the act of discovery; thus, the subsequent seizure was also justified by the plain view doctrine.
6. Plain View — Seizure — Part of Discovery — Warrantless — Valid. Where, as in instant case, the conclusion is unavoidable that the seizure of evidence by police officer was part and parcel of discovering it in plain view, the warrantless seizure is valid.
Interlocutory Appeal from the District Court of Pueblo County, Honorable Jack F. Seavy, Judge.
J. E. Losavio, Jr., District Attorney, Amy S. Isaminger, Deputy, for plaintiff-appellant.
J. Gregory Walta, State Public Defender, Craig L. Truman, Chief Deputy, Terri Brake, Deputy, for defendant-appellee.
The People bring this interlocutory appeal to challenge an order of the district court suppressing certain evidence as being seized in violation of the defendant's Fourth Amendment rights. We reverse.
The facts are undisputed. On April 8, 1978, a shooting and robbery occurred at a Kwik-Way convenience store in Pueblo, Colorado. Based on a victim's general description of the assailant, police arrested the defendant within a few blocks of the store.
Shortly thereafter, Officer Hurtado, one of the officers investigating the crime, happened across some magazines and a twelve-pack of beer scattered on the ground behind a car parked near the store. Suspecting that these items had been stolen during the robbery, he began to check the area. As he glanced inside the car, he noticed a box of .22 caliber cartridges in plain view on the front seat console. Having been already alerted that the robber had used a pistol which the cartridges might match, Officer Hurtado immediately ran a check on the license plates. He discovered that the car belonged to the defendant, the suspect in custody at that time. At the instruction of his superiors, he then secured the area around the car which was to be towed to police headquarters, and removed the cartridges from the front seat console.
Before trial, the defendant filed a motion to suppress introduction into evidence of the box of cartridges. The trial court granted the motion, holding that neither exigent circumstances nor the "plain view" doctrine justified the warrantless seizures of the cartridges. We do not agree.
[1-3] It is elementary that warrantless searches and seizures are presumptively illegal under the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article II, section 7 of the Colorado Constitution. Certain narrowly-defined exceptions to the warrant requirement exist, however, and one of these is the plain view doctrine. Briefly stated, that doctrine provides that no warrant is needed to seize evidence in plain view which police or similar public officials see while conducting a legitimate investigation of criminal activity. Clearly there can be no expectation of privacy in items that are in plain view. Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 91 S.Ct. 2022, 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971); People v. Waits, 196 Colo. 35, 580 P.2d 391 (1978); People v. Amato, 193 Colo. 57, 562 P.2d 422 (1977); People v. Counterman, 192 Colo. 152, 556 P.2d 481, (1976); People v. Lorio, 190 Colo. 373, 546 P.2d 1254 (1976); People v. Neyra, 189 Colo. 367, 540 P.2d 1077 (1975); People v. Woods, 175 Colo. 34, 485 P.2d 491 (1971).
[4] Courts have found it necessary, however, to fashion certain restrictions upon the plain view doctrine in order to protect private citizens from general warrantless seizures being carried out under the guise of a plain view discovery. "Plain view alone is never enough to justify the warrantless seizure of evidence." Coolidge v. New Hampshire, supra at 468, 91 S.Ct. at 2039, 29 L.Ed.2d at 584.
Three further requirements must be satisfied. First, the police must be in a place where they are legitimately entitled to be. That is, the initial intrusion must be valid. Second, police cannot use the plain view doctrine as a pretext for a warrantless seizure of evidence they expect to uncover in their search. Finally, the officer seizing the evidence must have "good reason to believe" that the exposed item is incriminating evidence, although it need not be "illegal per se." People v. Mangum, 189 Colo. 246, 539 P.2d 120 (1975); Alire v. People, 157 Colo. 103, 402 P.2d 610 (1965).
[5] Judging the facts in this case by these standards, there is no question that the initial discovery of the cartridges falls within the plain view exception to the warrant requirement. Officer Hurtado was on a public street where he was entitled to be. At the time he saw the cartridges, he was carrying out a legitimate police investigation. And he had "good reason to believe" that the cartridges might match the gun used in the robbery. Not only had the victims told police that the robber wielded a pistol, but Officer Hurtado had found several items which he suspected were fruits of the robbery.
Indeed, had Officer Hurtado seized the cartridges at that moment of discovery, we would have no case before us. His seizure would certainly have been justified by the plain view doctrine. The trial court held, however, that by pausing long enough to check out the ownership of the car and secure the area, Officer Hurtado lost his justification for seizing the cartridges. The plain view doctrine attached at the moment Officer Hurtado discovered the cartridges, and the actual physical seizure was no more than a continuation of the act of discovery. Thus, this subsequent seizure was also justified by the plain view doctrine.
The cases relied upon by the trial court, People v. Lorio, 190 Colo. 373, 546 P.2d 1254 (1976), and People v. Neyra, 189 Colo. 367, 540 P.2d 481 (1975), are inapposite. In neither of those cases was the initial discovery of the evidence justified by the plain view doctrine.
[6] We recognize that a plain view discovery of evidence followed by a subsequent seizure will not always be one continuous act. Such a determination must rest on the facts in each case. We hold only that where, as here, the conclusion is unavoidable that seizure of evidence was part and parcel of discovering it in plain view, the warrantless seizure is valid. See Michigan v. Tyler, 436 U.S. 499, 98 S.Ct. 1942, 56 L.Ed.2d 486 (1978).
The ruling is reversed.
MR. JUSTICE KELLEY does not participate.