Opinion
Docket No. 57152.
Decided September 9, 1982.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Louis J. Caruso, Solicitor General, Edward J. Grant, Prosecuting Attorney, and Brian E. Thiede, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.
Lester O. Pollak, for defendant.
Defendant Carl S. Grevious was convicted of bringing liquor onto prison property, MCL 800.281; MSA 28.1621, and of being an habitual (second) offender, MCL 769.10; MSA 28.1082. Defendant waived jury trial; he was convicted of the first offense following a bench trial and pleaded guilty to the supplemental information. Because defendant was a prisoner at the time of the liquor offense, the 1 to 7-1/2 year prison term imposed was to be served consecutively to the term he was then serving.
Defendant first argues that the trial court erred in denying his pretrial motion to dismiss. It was, and still is, defendant's claim that the court lost jurisdiction because more than 180 days transpired between issuance of the arrest warrant and defendant's trial. MCL 780.131; MSA 28.969(1).
We agree with the prosecution that the 180-day rule does not apply to defendant, who was a prison inmate at the time of the offense. People v Loney, 12 Mich. App. 288; 162 N.W.2d 832 (1968).
Defendant next challenges the admission into evidence of statements made by him to the supervisor of the prison farm, where defendant was working, and two corrections officers. The record indicates that the statements were made without the benefit of Miranda warnings. Miranda v Arizona, 384 U.S. 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966).
Defendant was an inmate worker at Dalton prison farm on December 1, 1979. After lunch on that day, the farm supervisor noticed that defendant was missing. He notified the control center of a possible escape. Two corrections officers were sent to the farm to aid in the search and investigation. Defendant showed up when the corrections officers arrived. He was asked to show the supervisor and the officers where he had been. As the four men walked along in the new-fallen snow, defendant was asked to indicate which tracks were his. Defendant identified some tracks as his own. The men followed the tracks, which led to a fence along which sat a box containing bottles of liquor. Upon discovering the box, the officers handcuffed defendant.
There was no Miranda-based objection to the farm supervisor's testimony. When defense counsel later objected during the testimony of one of the corrections officers, however, the trial court ruled that Miranda did not apply because defendant had "not been placed in any other arrest situation". According to the trial court, Miranda warnings were not required since defendant's freedom had not been additionally restrained at the time he made the incriminating statements. We disagree with the trial court's determination of Miranda's applicability.
A defendant's inmate status at the time of interrogation and incriminating statements does not render inapplicable the requirement that such interrogation be prefaced by the Miranda warnings. See People v Faulkner, 90 Mich. App. 520; 282 N.W.2d 377 (1979), lv den 408 Mich. 916 (1980), and cases cited therein. It is also clear that warnings may be required even though the interrogator is not technically a police officer but rather someone acting with or at the request of police authority. Id. The Miranda warnings must be given to a suspect on whom a criminal investigation has focused. People v Brannan, 406 Mich. 104; 276 N.W.2d 14 (1979).
Defendant in this case was clearly the focus of an escape investigation when he was confronted by the authorities. It is also clear that the questioning by the farm supervisor and corrections officers should have been preceded by the Miranda warnings.
Defendant's failure to file an immediate objection to the admission of evidence of his December 1 statements does not preclude appellate review. Under the circumstances of this case, appropriate appellate review consists of a determination of whether the erroneous admission of this evidence was offensive to the maintenance of a sound judicial system and, if not, whether the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Cf. People v Swan, 56 Mich. App. 22, 31; 223 N.W.2d 346 (1974), lv den 395 Mich. 810 (1975). We proceed directly to the second part, the harmless error inquiry, and examine the remaining evidence supporting defendant's conviction. If there was overwhelming admissible evidence against defendant, erroneous admission of evidence of statements obtained in violation of Miranda can fairly be characterized as harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Swan, supra, 33.
Evidence of other statements made by defendant was admitted at trial. These statements were made to a state police investigator who had been contacted by the prison authorities and who interviewed defendant two days after the incident. The interrogation began with full recitation of the Miranda rights and with defendant's waiver of his rights to remain silent and to the assistance of counsel. Defendant admitted to the police investigator that he had brought the liquor onto prison property as a favor for a friend.
The record does not support defendant's claim that his statements to the state police investigator were involuntary. People v Scanlon, 74 Mich. App. 186; 253 N.W.2d 704 (1977). Consideration of the admissibility of these December 3 statements, however, does not end with a determination of their voluntariness.
The United States Supreme Court has not determined the full scope of the exclusionary rule as it is to be applied in the context of Miranda violations. See Michigan v Tucker, 417 U.S. 433; 94 S Ct 2357; 41 L Ed 2d 182 (1974). Sweeping application of the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine will most certainly not be decreed with respect to all consequences of all violations of Miranda. See State v Preston, 411 A.2d 402 (Me, 1980). The Supreme Court has recently emphasized the deterrent purpose of the exclusionary rule, and the restriction of the rule to areas where its application is likely to promote its intended effect:
"Thus, the exclusionary rule `has been restricted to those areas where its remedial objectives are most efficaciously served.' United States v Calandra, 414 U.S. 338, 348; 94 S Ct 613; 38 L Ed 2d 561 (1974). The Court has acknowledged that the suppression of probative but tainted evidence exacts a costly toll upon the ability of courts to ascertain the truth in a criminal case. E.g., Rakas v Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 137-138; 99 S Ct 421; 58 L Ed 2d 387 (1978); United States v Ceccolini, 435 U.S. 268, 275-279; 98 S Ct 1054; 55 L Ed 2d 268 (1978); Stone v Powell, 428 U.S. 465, 489-491; 96 S Ct 3037; 49 L Ed 2d 1067 (1976); see Michigan v Tucker, 417 U.S. 433, 450-451; 94 S Ct 2357; 41 L Ed 2d 182 (1974). Our cases have consistently recognized that unbending application of the exclusionary sanction to enforce ideals of governmental rectitude would impede unacceptably the truth-finding functions of judge and jury. E.g., Stone v Powell, supra, 485-489; United States v Calandra, supra, 348. After all, it is the defendant, and not the constable, who stands trial." United States v Payner, 447 U.S. 727, 734; 100 S Ct 2439; 65 L Ed 2d 468 (1980).
In discussing the admissibility of evidence of a statement untainted by a Miranda violation but which had been preceded by a statement obtained in violation of Miranda, this Court has focused on the causal connection between the two statements:
"While the record is not clear as to the trial court's consideration of the first confession, the mere fact that the first confession may be inadmissible does not ipso facto render the second inadmissible. The question then becomes:
"`whether, granting establishment of the primary illegality, the evidence to which instant objection is made has been come at by exploitation of that illegality or instead by means sufficiently distinguishable to be purged of the primary taint.' Wong Sun v United States, 371 U.S. 471, 488; 83 S Ct 407, 417; 9 L Ed 2d 441, 455 (1963), quoting from Maguire, Evidence of Guilt (1959), 221.
"Applying the above standard as enunciated in Wong Sun, we find that the now challenged statement was not the result of any prior illegality, but was the product of the defendant's own purge of conscience." People v Merlo, 23 Mich. App. 694, 699; 179 N.W.2d 222 (1970).
See also People v Radowick, 63 Mich. App. 734; 235 N.W.2d 28 (1975); People v Emanuel, 98 Mich. App. 163; 295 N.W.2d 875 (1980); People v Levendoski, 100 Ill. App.3d 755; 55 Ill Dec 867; 426 N.E.2d 1241 (1981).
The record in this case indicates a significant causal connection between defendant's December 1 statements and his December 3 confession. It is clear that the state police investigator had been fully apprised of the details of defendant's encounter with the prison authorities and of defendant's December 1 statements. He had been informed that defendant was suspected of bringing liquor onto prison property. Clearly, the sole purpose for his interrogation of defendant was further elaboration of the information gathered on December 1 and the sole motivating factor was that information, which we have determined to have been tainted by noncompliance with the dictates of Miranda. The interrogation was not spurred by the independent discovery of other incriminating evidence. Compare Commonwealth v Marabel, 445 Pa. 435; 283 A.2d 285 (1971). Nor did defendant simply volunteer the new information. Compare People v Levendoski, supra.
We are further persuaded that application of the exclusionary rule in the instant factual context furthers the deterrent purpose of the rule. The conduct of the prison authorities in this case was "at the very least negligent". Michigan v Tucker, supra, 447. Application of the exclusionary rule in this case will, in our judgment, "instill in those particular investigating officers [the farm authorities], or in their future counterparts, a greater degree of care toward the rights of an accused". Id.
Absent defendant's statements, the evidence was not sufficient to support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Defendant's convictions are, therefore, reversed.
I respectfully disagree with my colleagues' conclusion that the 180-day statute does not apply to the instant defendant. People v Hegwood, 109 Mich. App. 438; 311 N.W.2d 383 (1981); People v Moore, 96 Mich. App. 754; 293 N.W.2d 700 (1980). I am nonetheless persuaded that the statute was not violated in this case. The delay was 182 days; the arrest warrant was dated December 19, 1979, and defendant was brought to trial on June 18, 1980. Defendant was promptly arraigned in district court and waived preliminary examination. The docket entries indicate the filing of a "notice of taking police report" on January 8, 1980. The prosecutor filed the information on January 10 and the supplemental information on January 15. Circuit court arraignment was held January 16. Notice of the June trial date was sent out on May 14. On June 6, pursuant to the prosecutor's petition, the court ordered that the attendance of an out-of-state prosecution witness be secured. Defendant filed a motion to dismiss on June 12, before the 180-day period expired. Writs of habeas corpus ad testificandum were issued by the court on June 12 for three defense witnesses. Trial began on June 18.
In my opinion, the conduct of the prosecutor, who initiated this case promptly, did not evidence an intent not to bring the case to trial promptly; jurisdiction, therefore, was not lost. People v Hendershot, 357 Mich. 300, 303; 98 N.W.2d 568 (1959).
In all other respects, I concur in the majority opinion.